Write union types as X | Y where possible (#19111)

aka PEP 604, added in Python 3.10

.ci/scripts/auditwheel_wrapper.py

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 import argparse
 import os
 import subprocess
-from typing import Optional
 from zipfile import ZipFile
 
 from packaging.tags import Tag
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ def cpython(wheel_file: str, name: str, version: Version, tag: Tag) -> str:
     return new_wheel_file
 
 
-def main(wheel_file: str, dest_dir: str, archs: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def main(wheel_file: str, dest_dir: str, archs: str | None) -> None:
     """Entry point"""
 
     # Parse the wheel file name into its parts. Note that `parse_wheel_filename`

changelog.d/19111.misc

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Write union types as `X | Y` where possible, as per PEP 604, added in Python 3.10.

contrib/cmdclient/console.py

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ import sys
 import time
 import urllib
 from http import TwistedHttpClient
-from typing import Optional
 
 import urlparse
 from signedjson.key import NACL_ED25519, decode_verify_key_bytes
@@ -726,7 +725,7 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
         method,
         path,
         data=None,
-        query_params: Optional[dict] = None,
+        query_params: dict | None = None,
         alt_text=None,
     ):
         """Runs an HTTP request and pretty prints the output.

contrib/cmdclient/http.py

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 import json
 import urllib
 from pprint import pformat
-from typing import Optional
 
 from twisted.internet import defer, reactor
 from twisted.web.client import Agent, readBody
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ class TwistedHttpClient(HttpClient):
         body = yield readBody(response)
         return json.loads(body)
 
-    def _create_put_request(self, url, json_data, headers_dict: Optional[dict] = None):
+    def _create_put_request(self, url, json_data, headers_dict: dict | None = None):
         """Wrapper of _create_request to issue a PUT request"""
         headers_dict = headers_dict or {}
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ class TwistedHttpClient(HttpClient):
             "PUT", url, producer=_JsonProducer(json_data), headers_dict=headers_dict
         )
 
-    def _create_get_request(self, url, headers_dict: Optional[dict] = None):
+    def _create_get_request(self, url, headers_dict: dict | None = None):
         """Wrapper of _create_request to issue a GET request"""
         return self._create_request("GET", url, headers_dict=headers_dict or {})
 
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ class TwistedHttpClient(HttpClient):
         data=None,
         qparams=None,
         jsonreq=True,
-        headers: Optional[dict] = None,
+        headers: dict | None = None,
     ):
         headers = headers or {}
 
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ class TwistedHttpClient(HttpClient):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _create_request(
-        self, method, url, producer=None, headers_dict: Optional[dict] = None
+        self, method, url, producer=None, headers_dict: dict | None = None
     ):
         """Creates and sends a request to the given url"""
         headers_dict = headers_dict or {}

docker/configure_workers_and_start.py

@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ from typing import (
     Mapping,
     MutableMapping,
     NoReturn,
-    Optional,
     SupportsIndex,
 )
 
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ def add_worker_roles_to_shared_config(
 
 
 def merge_worker_template_configs(
-    existing_dict: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+    existing_dict: dict[str, Any] | None,
     to_be_merged_dict: dict[str, Any],
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """When given an existing dict of worker template configuration consisting with both
@@ -1026,7 +1025,7 @@ def generate_worker_log_config(
     Returns: the path to the generated file
     """
     # Check whether we should write worker logs to disk, in addition to the console
-    extra_log_template_args: dict[str, Optional[str]] = {}
+    extra_log_template_args: dict[str, str | None] = {}
     if environ.get("SYNAPSE_WORKERS_WRITE_LOGS_TO_DISK"):
         extra_log_template_args["LOG_FILE_PATH"] = f"{data_dir}/logs/{worker_name}.log"
 

docker/start.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import os
 import platform
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Mapping, MutableMapping, NoReturn, Optional
+from typing import Any, Mapping, MutableMapping, NoReturn
 
 import jinja2
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def generate_config_from_template(
     config_dir: str,
     config_path: str,
     os_environ: Mapping[str, str],
-    ownership: Optional[str],
+    ownership: str | None,
 ) -> None:
     """Generate a homeserver.yaml from environment variables
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def generate_config_from_template(
     subprocess.run(args, check=True)
 
 
-def run_generate_config(environ: Mapping[str, str], ownership: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def run_generate_config(environ: Mapping[str, str], ownership: str | None) -> None:
     """Run synapse with a --generate-config param to generate a template config file
 
     Args:

docs/development/synapse_architecture/cancellation.md

@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ logcontext is not finished before the `async` processing completes.
 
 **Bad**:
 ```python
-cache: Optional[ObservableDeferred[None]] = None
+cache: ObservableDeferred[None] | None = None
 
 async def do_something_else(
     to_resolve: Deferred[None]
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ with LoggingContext("request-1"):
 
 **Good**:
 ```python
-cache: Optional[ObservableDeferred[None]] = None
+cache: ObservableDeferred[None] | None = None
 
 async def do_something_else(
     to_resolve: Deferred[None]
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ with LoggingContext("request-1"):
 
 **OK**:
 ```python
-cache: Optional[ObservableDeferred[None]] = None
+cache: ObservableDeferred[None] | None = None
 
 async def do_something_else(
     to_resolve: Deferred[None]

docs/modules/account_data_callbacks.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.57.0_
 ```python
 async def on_account_data_updated(
     user_id: str,
-    room_id: Optional[str],
+    room_id: str | None,
     account_data_type: str,
     content: "synapse.module_api.JsonDict",
 ) -> None:
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class CustomAccountDataModule:
     async def log_new_account_data(
         self,
         user_id: str,
-        room_id: Optional[str],
+        room_id: str | None,
         account_data_type: str,
         content: JsonDict,
     ) -> None:

docs/modules/account_validity_callbacks.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The available account validity callbacks are:
 _First introduced in Synapse v1.39.0_
 
 ```python
-async def is_user_expired(user: str) -> Optional[bool]
+async def is_user_expired(user: str) -> bool | None
 ```
 
 Called when processing any authenticated request (except for logout requests). The module

docs/modules/media_repository_callbacks.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The available media repository callbacks are:
 _First introduced in Synapse v1.132.0_
 
 ```python
-async def get_media_config_for_user(user_id: str) -> Optional[JsonDict]
+async def get_media_config_for_user(user_id: str) -> JsonDict | None
 ```
 
 **<span style="color:red">
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ implementations of this callback.
 _First introduced in Synapse v1.139.0_
 
 ```python
-async def get_media_upload_limits_for_user(user_id: str, size: int) -> Optional[List[synapse.module_api.MediaUploadLimit]]
+async def get_media_upload_limits_for_user(user_id: str, size: int) -> list[synapse.module_api.MediaUploadLimit] | None
 ```
 
 **<span style="color:red">

docs/modules/password_auth_provider_callbacks.md

@@ -23,12 +23,7 @@ async def check_auth(
     user: str,
     login_type: str,
     login_dict: "synapse.module_api.JsonDict",
-) -> Optional[
-    Tuple[
-        str, 
-        Optional[Callable[["synapse.module_api.LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]
-    ]
-]
+) -> tuple[str, Callable[["synapse.module_api.LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None] | None
 ```
 
 The login type and field names should be provided by the user in the
@@ -67,12 +62,7 @@ async def check_3pid_auth(
     medium: str, 
     address: str,
     password: str,
-) -> Optional[
-    Tuple[
-        str, 
-        Optional[Callable[["synapse.module_api.LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]
-    ]
-]
+) -> tuple[str, Callable[["synapse.module_api.LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None]
 ```
 
 Called when a user attempts to register or log in with a third party identifier,
@@ -98,7 +88,7 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.46.0_
 ```python
 async def on_logged_out(
     user_id: str,
-    device_id: Optional[str],
+    device_id: str | None,
     access_token: str
 ) -> None
 ``` 
@@ -119,7 +109,7 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.52.0_
 async def get_username_for_registration(
     uia_results: Dict[str, Any],
     params: Dict[str, Any],
-) -> Optional[str]
+) -> str | None
 ```
 
 Called when registering a new user. The module can return a username to set for the user
@@ -180,7 +170,7 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.54.0_
 async def get_displayname_for_registration(
     uia_results: Dict[str, Any],
     params: Dict[str, Any],
-) -> Optional[str]
+) -> str | None
 ```
 
 Called when registering a new user. The module can return a display name to set for the
@@ -259,12 +249,7 @@ class MyAuthProvider:
         username: str,
         login_type: str,
         login_dict: "synapse.module_api.JsonDict",
-    ) -> Optional[
-        Tuple[
-            str,
-            Optional[Callable[["synapse.module_api.LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]],
-        ]
-    ]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, Callable[["synapse.module_api.LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None] | None:
         if login_type != "my.login_type":
             return None
 
@@ -276,12 +261,7 @@ class MyAuthProvider:
         username: str,
         login_type: str,
         login_dict: "synapse.module_api.JsonDict",
-    ) -> Optional[
-        Tuple[
-            str,
-            Optional[Callable[["synapse.module_api.LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]],
-        ]
-    ]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, Callable[["synapse.module_api.LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None] | None:
         if login_type != "m.login.password":
             return None
 

docs/modules/presence_router_callbacks.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.42.0_
 ```python 
 async def get_users_for_states(
     state_updates: Iterable["synapse.api.UserPresenceState"],
-) -> Dict[str, Set["synapse.api.UserPresenceState"]]
+) -> dict[str, set["synapse.api.UserPresenceState"]]
 ```
 **Requires** `get_interested_users` to also be registered
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.42.0_
 ```python
 async def get_interested_users(
     user_id: str
-) -> Union[Set[str], "synapse.module_api.PRESENCE_ALL_USERS"]
+) -> set[str] | "synapse.module_api.PRESENCE_ALL_USERS"
 ```
 **Requires** `get_users_for_states` to also be registered
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ that `@alice:example.org` receives all presence updates from `@bob:example.com`
 `@charlie:somewhere.org`, regardless of whether Alice shares a room with any of them.
 
 ```python
-from typing import Dict, Iterable, Set, Union
+from typing import Iterable
 
 from synapse.module_api import ModuleApi
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class CustomPresenceRouter:
     async def get_users_for_states(
         self,
         state_updates: Iterable["synapse.api.UserPresenceState"],
-    ) -> Dict[str, Set["synapse.api.UserPresenceState"]]:
+    ) -> dict[str, set["synapse.api.UserPresenceState"]]:
         res = {}
         for update in state_updates:
             if (
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class CustomPresenceRouter:
     async def get_interested_users(
         self,
         user_id: str,
-    ) -> Union[Set[str], "synapse.module_api.PRESENCE_ALL_USERS"]:
+    ) -> set[str] | "synapse.module_api.PRESENCE_ALL_USERS":
         if user_id == "@alice:example.com":
             return {"@bob:example.com", "@charlie:somewhere.org"}
 

docs/modules/ratelimit_callbacks.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The available ratelimit callbacks are:
 _First introduced in Synapse v1.132.0_
 
 ```python
-async def get_ratelimit_override_for_user(user: str, limiter_name: str) -> Optional[synapse.module_api.RatelimitOverride]
+async def get_ratelimit_override_for_user(user: str, limiter_name: str) -> synapse.module_api.RatelimitOverride | None
 ```
 
 **<span style="color:red">

docs/modules/spam_checker_callbacks.md

@@ -331,9 +331,9 @@ search results; otherwise return `False`.
 The profile is represented as a dictionary with the following keys:
 
 * `user_id: str`. The Matrix ID for this user.
-* `display_name: Optional[str]`. The user's display name, or `None` if this user
+* `display_name: str | None`. The user's display name, or `None` if this user
   has not set a display name.
-* `avatar_url: Optional[str]`. The `mxc://` URL to the user's avatar, or `None`
+* `avatar_url: str | None`. The `mxc://` URL to the user's avatar, or `None`
   if this user has not set an avatar.
 
 The module is given a copy of the original dictionary, so modifying it from within the
@@ -352,10 +352,10 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.37.0_
 
 ```python
 async def check_registration_for_spam(
-    email_threepid: Optional[dict],
-    username: Optional[str],
+    email_threepid: dict | None,
+    username: str | None,
     request_info: Collection[Tuple[str, str]],
-    auth_provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    auth_provider_id: str | None = None,
 ) -> "synapse.spam_checker_api.RegistrationBehaviour"
 ```
 
@@ -438,10 +438,10 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.87.0_
 ```python
 async def check_login_for_spam(
     user_id: str,
-    device_id: Optional[str],
-    initial_display_name: Optional[str],
-    request_info: Collection[Tuple[Optional[str], str]],
-    auth_provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    device_id: str | None,
+    initial_display_name: str | None,
+    request_info: Collection[tuple[str | None, str]],
+    auth_provider_id: str | None = None,
 ) -> Union["synapse.module_api.NOT_SPAM", "synapse.module_api.errors.Codes"]
 ```
 
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ class ListSpamChecker:
             resource=IsUserEvilResource(config),
         )
 
-    async def check_event_for_spam(self, event: "synapse.events.EventBase") -> Union[Literal["NOT_SPAM"], Codes]:
+    async def check_event_for_spam(self, event: "synapse.events.EventBase") -> Literal["NOT_SPAM"] | Codes:
         if event.sender in self.evil_users:
           return Codes.FORBIDDEN
         else:

docs/modules/third_party_rules_callbacks.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ _First introduced in Synapse v1.39.0_
 async def check_event_allowed(
     event: "synapse.events.EventBase",
     state_events: "synapse.types.StateMap",
-) -> Tuple[bool, Optional[dict]]
+) -> tuple[bool, dict | None]
 ```
 
 **<span style="color:red">
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ class EventCensorer:
         self,
         event: "synapse.events.EventBase",
         state_events: "synapse.types.StateMap",
-    ) -> Tuple[bool, Optional[dict]]:
+    ) -> Tuple[bool, dict | None]:
         event_dict = event.get_dict()
         new_event_content = await self.api.http_client.post_json_get_json(
             uri=self._endpoint, post_json=event_dict,

docs/presence_router_module.md

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ possible.
 #### `get_interested_users`
 
 ```python
-async def get_interested_users(self, user_id: str) -> Union[Set[str], str]
+async def get_interested_users(self, user_id: str) -> set[str] | str
 ```
 
 **Required.** An asynchronous method that is passed a single Matrix User ID. This
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class ExamplePresenceRouter:
     async def get_interested_users(
         self,
         user_id: str,
-    ) -> Union[Set[str], PresenceRouter.ALL_USERS]:
+    ) -> set[str] | PresenceRouter.ALL_USERS:
         """
         Retrieve a list of users that `user_id` is interested in receiving the
         presence of. This will be in addition to those they share a room with.

pyproject.toml

@@ -80,10 +80,15 @@ select = [
     "G",
     # pyupgrade
     "UP006",
+    "UP007",
+    "UP045",
 ]
 extend-safe-fixes = [
-    # pyupgrade
-    "UP006"
+    # pyupgrade rules compatible with Python >= 3.9
+    "UP006",
+    "UP007",
+    # pyupgrade rules compatible with Python >= 3.10
+    "UP045",
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.isort]

scripts-dev/build_debian_packages.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import sys
 import threading
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
 from types import FrameType
-from typing import Collection, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import Collection, Sequence
 
 # These are expanded inside the dockerfile to be a fully qualified image name.
 # e.g. docker.io/library/debian:bookworm
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Builder:
     def __init__(
         self,
         redirect_stdout: bool = False,
-        docker_build_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        docker_build_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
     ):
         self.redirect_stdout = redirect_stdout
         self._docker_build_args = tuple(docker_build_args or ())
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class Builder:
 def run_builds(
     builder: Builder, dists: Collection[str], jobs: int = 1, skip_tests: bool = False
 ) -> None:
-    def sig(signum: int, _frame: Optional[FrameType]) -> None:
+    def sig(signum: int, _frame: FrameType | None) -> None:
         print("Caught SIGINT")
         builder.kill_containers()
 

scripts-dev/federation_client.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ import argparse
 import base64
 import json
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Mapping, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Mapping
 from urllib import parse as urlparse
 
 import requests
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ def sign_json(
 
 
 def request(
-    method: Optional[str],
+    method: str | None,
     origin_name: str,
     origin_key: signedjson.types.SigningKey,
     destination: str,
     path: str,
-    content: Optional[str],
+    content: str | None,
     verify_tls: bool,
 ) -> requests.Response:
     if method is None:
@@ -301,9 +301,9 @@ class MatrixConnectionAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
     def get_connection_with_tls_context(
         self,
         request: PreparedRequest,
-        verify: Optional[Union[bool, str]],
-        proxies: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-        cert: Optional[Union[tuple[str, str], str]] = None,
+        verify: bool | str | None,
+        proxies: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        cert: tuple[str, str] | str | None = None,
     ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
         # overrides the get_connection_with_tls_context() method in the base class
         parsed = urlparse.urlsplit(request.url)
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ class MatrixConnectionAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
             return server_name, 8448, server_name
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _get_well_known(server_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _get_well_known(server_name: str) -> str | None:
         if ":" in server_name:
             # explicit port, or ipv6 literal. Either way, no .well-known
             return None

scripts-dev/gen_config_documentation.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import json
 import re
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import yaml
 
@@ -259,17 +259,17 @@ def indent(text: str, first_line: bool = True) -> str:
     return text
 
 
-def em(s: Optional[str]) -> str:
+def em(s: str | None) -> str:
     """Add emphasis to text."""
     return f"*{s}*" if s else ""
 
 
-def a(s: Optional[str], suffix: str = " ") -> str:
+def a(s: str | None, suffix: str = " ") -> str:
     """Appends a space if the given string is not empty."""
     return s + suffix if s else ""
 
 
-def p(s: Optional[str], prefix: str = " ") -> str:
+def p(s: str | None, prefix: str = " ") -> str:
     """Prepend a space if the given string is not empty."""
     return prefix + s if s else ""
 

scripts-dev/mypy_synapse_plugin.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ can crop up, e.g the cache descriptors.
 """
 
 import enum
-from typing import Callable, Mapping, Optional, Union
+from typing import Callable, Mapping
 
 import attr
 import mypy.types
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class ArgLocation:
     """
 
 
-prometheus_metric_fullname_to_label_arg_map: Mapping[str, Optional[ArgLocation]] = {
+prometheus_metric_fullname_to_label_arg_map: Mapping[str, ArgLocation | None] = {
     # `Collector` subclasses:
     "prometheus_client.metrics.MetricWrapperBase": ArgLocation("labelnames", 2),
     "prometheus_client.metrics.Counter": ArgLocation("labelnames", 2),
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class SynapsePlugin(Plugin):
 
     def get_base_class_hook(
         self, fullname: str
-    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+    ) -> Callable[[ClassDefContext], None] | None:
         def _get_base_class_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
             # Run any `get_base_class_hook` checks from other plugins first.
             #
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class SynapsePlugin(Plugin):
 
     def get_function_signature_hook(
         self, fullname: str
-    ) -> Optional[Callable[[FunctionSigContext], FunctionLike]]:
+    ) -> Callable[[FunctionSigContext], FunctionLike] | None:
         # Strip off the unique identifier for classes that are dynamically created inside
         # functions. ex. `synapse.metrics.jemalloc.JemallocCollector@185` (this is the line
         # number)
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class SynapsePlugin(Plugin):
 
     def get_method_signature_hook(
         self, fullname: str
-    ) -> Optional[Callable[[MethodSigContext], CallableType]]:
+    ) -> Callable[[MethodSigContext], CallableType] | None:
         if fullname.startswith(
             (
                 "synapse.util.caches.descriptors.CachedFunction.__call__",
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ def check_is_cacheable_wrapper(ctx: MethodSigContext) -> CallableType:
 
 def check_is_cacheable(
     signature: CallableType,
-    ctx: Union[MethodSigContext, FunctionSigContext],
+    ctx: MethodSigContext | FunctionSigContext,
 ) -> None:
     """
     Check if a callable returns a type which can be cached.
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ AT_CACHED_MUTABLE_RETURN = ErrorCode(
 
 def is_cacheable(
     rt: mypy.types.Type, signature: CallableType, verbose: bool
-) -> tuple[bool, Optional[str]]:
+) -> tuple[bool, str | None]:
     """
     Check if a particular type is cachable.
 

scripts-dev/release.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import time
 import urllib.request
 from os import path
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
-from typing import Any, Match, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Match
 
 import attr
 import click
@@ -327,11 +327,11 @@ def _prepare() -> None:
 
 @cli.command()
 @click.option("--gh-token", envvar=["GH_TOKEN", "GITHUB_TOKEN"])
-def tag(gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def tag(gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     _tag(gh_token)
 
 
-def _tag(gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def _tag(gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     """Tags the release and generates a draft GitHub release"""
 
     # Test that the GH Token is valid before continuing.
@@ -471,11 +471,11 @@ def _publish(gh_token: str) -> None:
 
 @cli.command()
 @click.option("--gh-token", envvar=["GH_TOKEN", "GITHUB_TOKEN"], required=False)
-def upload(gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def upload(gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     _upload(gh_token)
 
 
-def _upload(gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def _upload(gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     """Upload release to pypi."""
 
     # Test that the GH Token is valid before continuing.
@@ -576,11 +576,11 @@ def _merge_into(repo: Repo, source: str, target: str) -> None:
 
 @cli.command()
 @click.option("--gh-token", envvar=["GH_TOKEN", "GITHUB_TOKEN"], required=False)
-def wait_for_actions(gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def wait_for_actions(gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     _wait_for_actions(gh_token)
 
 
-def _wait_for_actions(gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def _wait_for_actions(gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     # Test that the GH Token is valid before continuing.
     check_valid_gh_token(gh_token)
 
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ def _notify(message: str) -> None:
     envvar=["GH_TOKEN", "GITHUB_TOKEN"],
     required=False,
 )
-def merge_back(_gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def merge_back(_gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     _merge_back()
 
 
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ def _merge_back() -> None:
     envvar=["GH_TOKEN", "GITHUB_TOKEN"],
     required=False,
 )
-def announce(_gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def announce(_gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     _announce()
 
 
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ def get_repo_and_check_clean_checkout(
     return repo
 
 
-def check_valid_gh_token(gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def check_valid_gh_token(gh_token: str | None) -> None:
     """Check that a github token is valid, if supplied"""
 
     if not gh_token:
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ def check_valid_gh_token(gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
         raise click.ClickException(f"Github credentials are bad: {e}")
 
 
-def find_ref(repo: git.Repo, ref_name: str) -> Optional[git.HEAD]:
+def find_ref(repo: git.Repo, ref_name: str) -> git.HEAD | None:
     """Find the branch/ref, looking first locally then in the remote."""
     if ref_name in repo.references:
         return repo.references[ref_name]
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ def get_changes_for_version(wanted_version: version.Version) -> str:
 
         # These are 0-based.
         start_line: int
-        end_line: Optional[int] = None  # Is none if its the last entry
+        end_line: int | None = None  # Is none if its the last entry
 
     headings: list[VersionSection] = []
     for i, token in enumerate(tokens):
@@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ def build_dependabot_changelog(repo: Repo, current_version: version.Version) ->
     messages = []
     for commit in reversed(commits):
         if commit.author.name == "dependabot[bot]":
-            message: Union[str, bytes] = commit.message
+            message: str | bytes = commit.message
             if isinstance(message, bytes):
                 message = message.decode("utf-8")
             messages.append(message.split("\n", maxsplit=1)[0])

scripts-dev/schema_versions.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import io
 import json
 import sys
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Any, Iterator, Optional
+from typing import Any, Iterator
 
 import git
 from packaging import version
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ SCHEMA_VERSION_FILES = (
 OLDEST_SHOWN_VERSION = version.parse("v1.0")
 
 
-def get_schema_versions(tag: git.Tag) -> tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]:
+def get_schema_versions(tag: git.Tag) -> tuple[int | None, int | None]:
     """Get the schema and schema compat versions for a tag."""
     schema_version = None
     schema_compat_version = None

stubs/sortedcontainers/sorteddict.pyi

@@ -13,10 +13,8 @@ from typing import (
     Iterator,
     KeysView,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     ValuesView,
     overload,
 )
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ class SortedDict(dict[_KT, _VT]):
         self, __key: _Key[_KT], __iterable: Iterable[tuple[_KT, _VT]], **kwargs: _VT
     ) -> None: ...
     @property
-    def key(self) -> Optional[_Key[_KT]]: ...
+    def key(self) -> _Key[_KT] | None: ...
     @property
     def iloc(self) -> SortedKeysView[_KT]: ...
     def clear(self) -> None: ...
@@ -79,10 +77,10 @@ class SortedDict(dict[_KT, _VT]):
     @overload
     def pop(self, key: _KT) -> _VT: ...
     @overload
-    def pop(self, key: _KT, default: _T = ...) -> Union[_VT, _T]: ...
+    def pop(self, key: _KT, default: _T = ...) -> _VT | _T: ...
     def popitem(self, index: int = ...) -> tuple[_KT, _VT]: ...
     def peekitem(self, index: int = ...) -> tuple[_KT, _VT]: ...
-    def setdefault(self, key: _KT, default: Optional[_VT] = ...) -> _VT: ...
+    def setdefault(self, key: _KT, default: _VT | None = ...) -> _VT: ...
     # Mypy now reports the first overload as an error, because typeshed widened the type
     # of `__map` to its internal `_typeshed.SupportsKeysAndGetItem` type in
     #   https://github.com/python/typeshed/pull/6653
@@ -106,8 +104,8 @@ class SortedDict(dict[_KT, _VT]):
     def _check(self) -> None: ...
     def islice(
         self,
-        start: Optional[int] = ...,
-        stop: Optional[int] = ...,
+        start: int | None = ...,
+        stop: int | None = ...,
         reverse: bool = ...,
     ) -> Iterator[_KT]: ...
     def bisect_left(self, value: _KT) -> int: ...
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ class SortedKeysView(KeysView[_KT_co], Sequence[_KT_co]):
     def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> _KT_co: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> list[_KT_co]: ...
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> None: ...
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | slice) -> None: ...
 
 class SortedItemsView(ItemsView[_KT_co, _VT_co], Sequence[tuple[_KT_co, _VT_co]]):
     def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[tuple[_KT_co, _VT_co]]: ...
@@ -126,11 +124,11 @@ class SortedItemsView(ItemsView[_KT_co, _VT_co], Sequence[tuple[_KT_co, _VT_co]]
     def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> tuple[_KT_co, _VT_co]: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> list[tuple[_KT_co, _VT_co]]: ...
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> None: ...
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | slice) -> None: ...
 
 class SortedValuesView(ValuesView[_VT_co], Sequence[_VT_co]):
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> _VT_co: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> list[_VT_co]: ...
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> None: ...
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | slice) -> None: ...

stubs/sortedcontainers/sortedlist.pyi

@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@ from typing import (
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
     MutableSequence,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -29,8 +27,8 @@ class SortedList(MutableSequence[_T]):
     DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR: int = ...
     def __init__(
         self,
-        iterable: Optional[Iterable[_T]] = ...,
-        key: Optional[_Key[_T]] = ...,
+        iterable: Iterable[_T] | None = ...,
+        key: _Key[_T] | None = ...,
     ): ...
     # NB: currently mypy does not honour return type, see mypy #3307
     @overload
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ class SortedList(MutableSequence[_T]):
     @overload
     def __new__(cls, iterable: Iterable[_T], key: _Key[_T]) -> SortedKeyList[_T]: ...
     @property
-    def key(self) -> Optional[Callable[[_T], Any]]: ...
+    def key(self) -> Callable[[_T], Any] | None: ...
     def _reset(self, load: int) -> None: ...
     def clear(self) -> None: ...
     def _clear(self) -> None: ...
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ class SortedList(MutableSequence[_T]):
     def _pos(self, idx: int) -> int: ...
     def _build_index(self) -> None: ...
     def __contains__(self, value: Any) -> bool: ...
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> None: ...
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | slice) -> None: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> _T: ...
     @overload
@@ -76,8 +74,8 @@ class SortedList(MutableSequence[_T]):
     def reverse(self) -> None: ...
     def islice(
         self,
-        start: Optional[int] = ...,
-        stop: Optional[int] = ...,
+        start: int | None = ...,
+        stop: int | None = ...,
         reverse: bool = ...,
     ) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
     def _islice(
@@ -90,8 +88,8 @@ class SortedList(MutableSequence[_T]):
     ) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
     def irange(
         self,
-        minimum: Optional[int] = ...,
-        maximum: Optional[int] = ...,
+        minimum: int | None = ...,
+        maximum: int | None = ...,
         inclusive: tuple[bool, bool] = ...,
         reverse: bool = ...,
     ) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ class SortedList(MutableSequence[_T]):
     def insert(self, index: int, value: _T) -> None: ...
     def pop(self, index: int = ...) -> _T: ...
     def index(
-        self, value: _T, start: Optional[int] = ..., stop: Optional[int] = ...
+        self, value: _T, start: int | None = ..., stop: int | None = ...
     ) -> int: ...
     def __add__(self: _SL, other: Iterable[_T]) -> _SL: ...
     def __radd__(self: _SL, other: Iterable[_T]) -> _SL: ...
@@ -126,10 +124,10 @@ class SortedList(MutableSequence[_T]):
 
 class SortedKeyList(SortedList[_T]):
     def __init__(
-        self, iterable: Optional[Iterable[_T]] = ..., key: _Key[_T] = ...
+        self, iterable: Iterable[_T] | None = ..., key: _Key[_T] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
     def __new__(
-        cls, iterable: Optional[Iterable[_T]] = ..., key: _Key[_T] = ...
+        cls, iterable: Iterable[_T] | None = ..., key: _Key[_T] = ...
     ) -> SortedKeyList[_T]: ...
     @property
     def key(self) -> Callable[[_T], Any]: ...
@@ -146,15 +144,15 @@ class SortedKeyList(SortedList[_T]):
     def _delete(self, pos: int, idx: int) -> None: ...
     def irange(
         self,
-        minimum: Optional[int] = ...,
-        maximum: Optional[int] = ...,
+        minimum: int | None = ...,
+        maximum: int | None = ...,
         inclusive: tuple[bool, bool] = ...,
         reverse: bool = ...,
     ) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
     def irange_key(
         self,
-        min_key: Optional[Any] = ...,
-        max_key: Optional[Any] = ...,
+        min_key: Any | None = ...,
+        max_key: Any | None = ...,
         inclusive: tuple[bool, bool] = ...,
         reserve: bool = ...,
     ) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
@@ -170,7 +168,7 @@ class SortedKeyList(SortedList[_T]):
     def copy(self: _SKL) -> _SKL: ...
     def __copy__(self: _SKL) -> _SKL: ...
     def index(
-        self, value: _T, start: Optional[int] = ..., stop: Optional[int] = ...
+        self, value: _T, start: int | None = ..., stop: int | None = ...
     ) -> int: ...
     def __add__(self: _SKL, other: Iterable[_T]) -> _SKL: ...
     def __radd__(self: _SKL, other: Iterable[_T]) -> _SKL: ...

stubs/sortedcontainers/sortedset.pyi

@@ -11,10 +11,8 @@ from typing import (
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
     MutableSet,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -28,21 +26,19 @@ _Key = Callable[[_T], Any]
 class SortedSet(MutableSet[_T], Sequence[_T]):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        iterable: Optional[Iterable[_T]] = ...,
-        key: Optional[_Key[_T]] = ...,
+        iterable: Iterable[_T] | None = ...,
+        key: _Key[_T] | None = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
     @classmethod
-    def _fromset(
-        cls, values: set[_T], key: Optional[_Key[_T]] = ...
-    ) -> SortedSet[_T]: ...
+    def _fromset(cls, values: set[_T], key: _Key[_T] | None = ...) -> SortedSet[_T]: ...
     @property
-    def key(self) -> Optional[_Key[_T]]: ...
+    def key(self) -> _Key[_T] | None: ...
     def __contains__(self, value: Any) -> bool: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> _T: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> list[_T]: ...
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> None: ...
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | slice) -> None: ...
     def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool: ...
     def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool: ...
     def __lt__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> bool: ...
@@ -62,32 +58,28 @@ class SortedSet(MutableSet[_T], Sequence[_T]):
     def _discard(self, value: _T) -> None: ...
     def pop(self, index: int = ...) -> _T: ...
     def remove(self, value: _T) -> None: ...
-    def difference(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __sub__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def difference_update(
-        self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]
-    ) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __isub__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def intersection(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __and__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __rand__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def intersection_update(
-        self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]
-    ) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __iand__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def symmetric_difference(self, other: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __xor__(self, other: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __rxor__(self, other: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
+    def difference(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __sub__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def difference_update(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __isub__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def intersection(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __and__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __rand__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def intersection_update(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __iand__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __xor__(self, other: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __rxor__(self, other: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
     def symmetric_difference_update(
         self, other: Iterable[_S]
-    ) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __ixor__(self, other: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def union(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __or__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __ror__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def update(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def __ior__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
-    def _update(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[Union[_T, _S]]: ...
+    ) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __ixor__(self, other: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def union(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __or__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __ror__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def update(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def __ior__(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
+    def _update(self, *iterables: Iterable[_S]) -> SortedSet[_T | _S]: ...
     def __reduce__(
         self,
     ) -> tuple[type[SortedSet[_T]], set[_T], Callable[[_T], Any]]: ...
@@ -97,18 +89,18 @@ class SortedSet(MutableSet[_T], Sequence[_T]):
     def bisect_right(self, value: _T) -> int: ...
     def islice(
         self,
-        start: Optional[int] = ...,
-        stop: Optional[int] = ...,
+        start: int | None = ...,
+        stop: int | None = ...,
         reverse: bool = ...,
     ) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
     def irange(
         self,
-        minimum: Optional[_T] = ...,
-        maximum: Optional[_T] = ...,
+        minimum: _T | None = ...,
+        maximum: _T | None = ...,
         inclusive: tuple[bool, bool] = ...,
         reverse: bool = ...,
     ) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
     def index(
-        self, value: _T, start: Optional[int] = ..., stop: Optional[int] = ...
+        self, value: _T, start: int | None = ..., stop: int | None = ...
     ) -> int: ...
     def _reset(self, load: int) -> None: ...

stubs/txredisapi.pyi

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 """Contains *incomplete* type hints for txredisapi."""
 
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from twisted.internet import protocol
 from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class RedisProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
         self,
         key: str,
         value: Any,
-        expire: Optional[int] = None,
-        pexpire: Optional[int] = None,
+        expire: int | None = None,
+        pexpire: int | None = None,
         only_if_not_exists: bool = False,
         only_if_exists: bool = False,
     ) -> "Deferred[None]": ...
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class RedisProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
 
 class SubscriberProtocol(RedisProtocol):
     def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object): ...
-    password: Optional[str]
-    def subscribe(self, channels: Union[str, list[str]]) -> "Deferred[None]": ...
+    password: str | None
+    def subscribe(self, channels: str | list[str]) -> "Deferred[None]": ...
     def connectionMade(self) -> None: ...
     # type-ignore: twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol provides a default argument for
     # `reason`. txredisapi's LineReceiver Protocol doesn't. But that's fine: it's what's
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ class SubscriberProtocol(RedisProtocol):
 def lazyConnection(
     host: str = ...,
     port: int = ...,
-    dbid: Optional[int] = ...,
+    dbid: int | None = ...,
     reconnect: bool = ...,
     charset: str = ...,
-    password: Optional[str] = ...,
-    connectTimeout: Optional[int] = ...,
-    replyTimeout: Optional[int] = ...,
+    password: str | None = ...,
+    connectTimeout: int | None = ...,
+    replyTimeout: int | None = ...,
     convertNumbers: bool = ...,
 ) -> RedisProtocol: ...
 
@@ -70,18 +70,18 @@ class RedisFactory(protocol.ReconnectingClientFactory):
     continueTrying: bool
     handler: ConnectionHandler
     pool: list[RedisProtocol]
-    replyTimeout: Optional[int]
+    replyTimeout: int | None
     def __init__(
         self,
         uuid: str,
-        dbid: Optional[int],
+        dbid: int | None,
         poolsize: int,
         isLazy: bool = False,
         handler: type = ConnectionHandler,
         charset: str = "utf-8",
-        password: Optional[str] = None,
-        replyTimeout: Optional[int] = None,
-        convertNumbers: Optional[int] = True,
+        password: str | None = None,
+        replyTimeout: int | None = None,
+        convertNumbers: int | None = True,
     ): ...
     def buildProtocol(self, addr: IAddress) -> RedisProtocol: ...
 

synapse/_scripts/export_signing_key.py

@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@
 import argparse
 import sys
 import time
-from typing import NoReturn, Optional
+from typing import NoReturn
 
 from signedjson.key import encode_verify_key_base64, get_verify_key, read_signing_keys
 from signedjson.types import VerifyKey
 
 
-def exit(status: int = 0, message: Optional[str] = None) -> NoReturn:
+def exit(status: int = 0, message: str | None = None) -> NoReturn:
     if message:
         print(message, file=sys.stderr)
     sys.exit(status)

synapse/_scripts/generate_workers_map.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import logging
 import re
 from collections import defaultdict
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Iterable, Optional, Pattern
+from typing import Iterable, Pattern
 
 import yaml
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("generate_workers_map")
 class MockHomeserver(HomeServer):
     DATASTORE_CLASS = DataStore
 
-    def __init__(self, config: HomeServerConfig, worker_app: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, config: HomeServerConfig, worker_app: str | None) -> None:
         super().__init__(config.server.server_name, config=config)
         self.config.worker.worker_app = worker_app
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class EndpointDescription:
 
     # The category of this endpoint. Is read from the `CATEGORY` constant in the servlet
     # class.
-    category: Optional[str]
+    category: str | None
 
     # TODO:
     #  - does it need to be routed based on a stream writer config?
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def get_registered_paths_for_hs(
 
 
 def get_registered_paths_for_default(
-    worker_app: Optional[str], base_config: HomeServerConfig
+    worker_app: str | None, base_config: HomeServerConfig
 ) -> dict[tuple[str, str], EndpointDescription]:
     """
     Given the name of a worker application and a base homeserver configuration,
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     # TODO SSO endpoints (pick_idp etc) NOT REGISTERED BY THIS SCRIPT
 
     categories_to_methods_and_paths: dict[
-        Optional[str], dict[tuple[str, str], EndpointDescription]
+        str | None, dict[tuple[str, str], EndpointDescription]
     ] = defaultdict(dict)
 
     for (method, path), desc in elided_worker_paths.items():
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ def main() -> None:
 
 
 def print_category(
-    category_name: Optional[str],
+    category_name: str | None,
     elided_worker_paths: dict[tuple[str, str], EndpointDescription],
 ) -> None:
     """

synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import hashlib
 import hmac
 import logging
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+from typing import Any, Callable
 
 import requests
 import yaml
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def request_registration(
     server_location: str,
     shared_secret: str,
     admin: bool = False,
-    user_type: Optional[str] = None,
+    user_type: str | None = None,
     _print: Callable[[str], None] = print,
     exit: Callable[[int], None] = sys.exit,
     exists_ok: bool = False,
@@ -123,13 +123,13 @@ def register_new_user(
     password: str,
     server_location: str,
     shared_secret: str,
-    admin: Optional[bool],
-    user_type: Optional[str],
+    admin: bool | None,
+    user_type: str | None,
     exists_ok: bool = False,
 ) -> None:
     if not user:
         try:
-            default_user: Optional[str] = getpass.getuser()
+            default_user: str | None = getpass.getuser()
         except Exception:
             default_user = None
 
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ def main() -> None:
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
-    config: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    config: dict[str, Any] | None = None
     if "config" in args and args.config:
         config = yaml.safe_load(args.config)
 
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ def _read_file(file_path: Any, config_path: str) -> str:
         sys.exit(1)
 
 
-def _find_client_listener(config: dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[str]:
+def _find_client_listener(config: dict[str, Any]) -> str | None:
     # try to find a listener in the config. Returns a host:port pair
     for listener in config.get("listeners", []):
         if listener.get("type") != "http" or listener.get("tls", False):

synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py

@@ -233,14 +233,14 @@ IGNORED_BACKGROUND_UPDATES = {
 
 # Error returned by the run function. Used at the top-level part of the script to
 # handle errors and return codes.
-end_error: Optional[str] = None
+end_error: str | None = None
 # The exec_info for the error, if any. If error is defined but not exec_info the script
 # will show only the error message without the stacktrace, if exec_info is defined but
 # not the error then the script will show nothing outside of what's printed in the run
 # function. If both are defined, the script will print both the error and the stacktrace.
-end_error_exec_info: Optional[
-    tuple[type[BaseException], BaseException, TracebackType]
-] = None
+end_error_exec_info: tuple[type[BaseException], BaseException, TracebackType] | None = (
+    None
+)
 
 R = TypeVar("R")
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ class Porter:
 
             def r(
                 txn: LoggingTransaction,
-            ) -> tuple[Optional[list[str]], list[tuple], list[tuple]]:
+            ) -> tuple[list[str] | None, list[tuple], list[tuple]]:
                 forward_rows = []
                 backward_rows = []
                 if do_forward[0]:
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ class Porter:
 
                 if forward_rows or backward_rows:
                     assert txn.description is not None
-                    headers: Optional[list[str]] = [
+                    headers: list[str] | None = [
                         column[0] for column in txn.description
                     ]
                 else:
@@ -1152,9 +1152,7 @@ class Porter:
         return done, remaining + done
 
     async def _setup_state_group_id_seq(self) -> None:
-        curr_id: Optional[
-            int
-        ] = await self.sqlite_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+        curr_id: int | None = await self.sqlite_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
             table="state_groups", keyvalues={}, retcol="MAX(id)", allow_none=True
         )
 
@@ -1271,10 +1269,10 @@ class Porter:
 
         await self.postgres_store.db_pool.runInteraction("_setup_%s" % (seq_name,), r)
 
-    async def _pg_get_serial_sequence(self, table: str, column: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    async def _pg_get_serial_sequence(self, table: str, column: str) -> str | None:
         """Returns the name of the postgres sequence associated with a column, or NULL."""
 
-        def r(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Optional[str]:
+        def r(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> str | None:
             txn.execute("SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('%s', '%s')" % (table, column))
             result = txn.fetchone()
             if not result:
@@ -1286,9 +1284,9 @@ class Porter:
         )
 
     async def _setup_auth_chain_sequence(self) -> None:
-        curr_chain_id: Optional[
-            int
-        ] = await self.sqlite_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+        curr_chain_id: (
+            int | None
+        ) = await self.sqlite_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
             table="event_auth_chains",
             keyvalues={},
             retcol="MAX(chain_id)",

synapse/_scripts/synctl.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import signal
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
-from typing import Iterable, NoReturn, Optional, TextIO
+from typing import Iterable, NoReturn, TextIO
 
 import yaml
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ def start(pidfile: str, app: str, config_files: Iterable[str], daemonize: bool)
         return False
 
 
-def stop(pidfile: str, app: str) -> Optional[int]:
+def stop(pidfile: str, app: str) -> int | None:
     """Attempts to kill a synapse worker from the pidfile.
     Args:
         pidfile: path to file containing worker's pid

synapse/api/auth/__init__.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 # [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
 #
 #
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Protocol
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Protocol
 
 from prometheus_client import Histogram
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class Auth(Protocol):
         room_id: str,
         requester: Requester,
         allow_departed_users: bool = False,
-    ) -> tuple[str, Optional[str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str | None]:
         """Check if the user is in the room, or was at some point.
         Args:
             room_id: The room to check.
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class Auth(Protocol):
 
     async def check_user_in_room_or_world_readable(
         self, room_id: str, requester: Requester, allow_departed_users: bool = False
-    ) -> tuple[str, Optional[str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str | None]:
         """Checks that the user is or was in the room or the room is world
         readable. If it isn't then an exception is raised.
 

synapse/api/auth/base.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #
 #
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from netaddr import IPAddress
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class BaseAuth:
         room_id: str,
         requester: Requester,
         allow_departed_users: bool = False,
-    ) -> tuple[str, Optional[str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str | None]:
         """Check if the user is in the room, or was at some point.
         Args:
             room_id: The room to check.
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class BaseAuth:
     @trace
     async def check_user_in_room_or_world_readable(
         self, room_id: str, requester: Requester, allow_departed_users: bool = False
-    ) -> tuple[str, Optional[str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str | None]:
         """Checks that the user is or was in the room or the room is world
         readable. If it isn't then an exception is raised.
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ class BaseAuth:
     @cancellable
     async def get_appservice_user(
         self, request: Request, access_token: str
-    ) -> Optional[Requester]:
+    ) -> Requester | None:
         """
         Given a request, reads the request parameters to determine:
         - whether it's an application service that's making this request

synapse/api/auth/mas.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #
 #
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from pydantic import (
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ class ServerMetadata(BaseModel):
 class IntrospectionResponse(BaseModel):
     retrieved_at_ms: StrictInt
     active: StrictBool
-    scope: Optional[StrictStr] = None
-    username: Optional[StrictStr] = None
-    sub: Optional[StrictStr] = None
-    device_id: Optional[StrictStr] = None
-    expires_in: Optional[StrictInt] = None
+    scope: StrictStr | None = None
+    username: StrictStr | None = None
+    sub: StrictStr | None = None
+    device_id: StrictStr | None = None
+    expires_in: StrictInt | None = None
     model_config = ConfigDict(extra="allow")
 
     def get_scope_set(self) -> set[str]:

synapse/api/auth/msc3861_delegated.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 import logging
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from authlib.oauth2 import ClientAuth
@@ -102,25 +102,25 @@ class IntrospectionResult:
             return []
         return scope_to_list(value)
 
-    def get_sub(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_sub(self) -> str | None:
         value = self._inner.get("sub")
         if not isinstance(value, str):
             return None
         return value
 
-    def get_username(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_username(self) -> str | None:
         value = self._inner.get("username")
         if not isinstance(value, str):
             return None
         return value
 
-    def get_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_name(self) -> str | None:
         value = self._inner.get("name")
         if not isinstance(value, str):
             return None
         return value
 
-    def get_device_id(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_device_id(self) -> str | None:
         value = self._inner.get("device_id")
         if value is not None and not isinstance(value, str):
             raise AuthError(
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
         self._clock = hs.get_clock()
         self._http_client = hs.get_proxied_http_client()
         self._hostname = hs.hostname
-        self._admin_token: Callable[[], Optional[str]] = self._config.admin_token
+        self._admin_token: Callable[[], str | None] = self._config.admin_token
         self._force_tracing_for_users = hs.config.tracing.force_tracing_for_users
 
         self._rust_http_client = HttpClient(
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
         metadata = await self._issuer_metadata.get()
         return metadata.issuer or self._config.issuer
 
-    async def account_management_url(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    async def account_management_url(self) -> str | None:
         """
         Get the configured account management URL
 

synapse/api/auth_blocking.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from synapse.api.constants import LimitBlockingTypes, UserTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, ResourceLimitError
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ class AuthBlocking:
 
     async def check_auth_blocking(
         self,
-        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
-        threepid: Optional[dict] = None,
-        user_type: Optional[str] = None,
-        requester: Optional[Requester] = None,
+        user_id: str | None = None,
+        threepid: dict | None = None,
+        user_type: str | None = None,
+        requester: Requester | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Checks if the user should be rejected for some external reason,
         such as monthly active user limiting or global disable flag

synapse/api/errors.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import math
 import typing
 from enum import Enum
 from http import HTTPStatus
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Optional
 
 from twisted.web import http
 
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ class CodeMessageException(RuntimeError):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        code: Union[int, HTTPStatus],
+        code: int | HTTPStatus,
         msg: str,
-        headers: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__("%d: %s" % (code, msg))
 
@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ class SynapseError(CodeMessageException):
         code: int,
         msg: str,
         errcode: str = Codes.UNKNOWN,
-        additional_fields: Optional[dict] = None,
-        headers: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+        additional_fields: dict | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     ):
         """Constructs a synapse error.
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class SynapseError(CodeMessageException):
         return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode, **self._additional_fields)
 
     @property
-    def debug_context(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def debug_context(self) -> str | None:
         """Override this to add debugging context that shouldn't be sent to clients."""
         return None
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class ProxiedRequestError(SynapseError):
         code: int,
         msg: str,
         errcode: str = Codes.UNKNOWN,
-        additional_fields: Optional[dict] = None,
+        additional_fields: dict | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__(code, msg, errcode, additional_fields)
 
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ class FederationDeniedError(SynapseError):
         destination: The destination which has been denied
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, destination: Optional[str]):
+    def __init__(self, destination: str | None):
         """Raised by federation client or server to indicate that we are
         are deliberately not attempting to contact a given server because it is
         not on our federation whitelist.
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ class AuthError(SynapseError):
         code: int,
         msg: str,
         errcode: str = Codes.FORBIDDEN,
-        additional_fields: Optional[dict] = None,
+        additional_fields: dict | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__(code, msg, errcode, additional_fields)
 
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ class UnstableSpecAuthError(AuthError):
         msg: str,
         errcode: str,
         previous_errcode: str = Codes.FORBIDDEN,
-        additional_fields: Optional[dict] = None,
+        additional_fields: dict | None = None,
     ):
         self.previous_errcode = previous_errcode
         super().__init__(code, msg, errcode, additional_fields)
@@ -497,8 +497,8 @@ class ResourceLimitError(SynapseError):
         code: int,
         msg: str,
         errcode: str = Codes.RESOURCE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED,
-        admin_contact: Optional[str] = None,
-        limit_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        admin_contact: str | None = None,
+        limit_type: str | None = None,
     ):
         self.admin_contact = admin_contact
         self.limit_type = limit_type
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ class InvalidCaptchaError(SynapseError):
         self,
         code: int = 400,
         msg: str = "Invalid captcha.",
-        error_url: Optional[str] = None,
+        error_url: str | None = None,
         errcode: str = Codes.CAPTCHA_INVALID,
     ):
         super().__init__(code, msg, errcode)
@@ -563,9 +563,9 @@ class LimitExceededError(SynapseError):
         self,
         limiter_name: str,
         code: int = 429,
-        retry_after_ms: Optional[int] = None,
+        retry_after_ms: int | None = None,
         errcode: str = Codes.LIMIT_EXCEEDED,
-        pause: Optional[float] = None,
+        pause: float | None = None,
     ):
         # Use HTTP header Retry-After to enable library-assisted retry handling.
         headers = (
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ class LimitExceededError(SynapseError):
         return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode, retry_after_ms=self.retry_after_ms)
 
     @property
-    def debug_context(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def debug_context(self) -> str | None:
         return self.limiter_name
 
 
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ class RequestSendFailed(RuntimeError):
 
 
 class UnredactedContentDeletedError(SynapseError):
-    def __init__(self, content_keep_ms: Optional[int] = None):
+    def __init__(self, content_keep_ms: int | None = None):
         super().__init__(
             404,
             "The content for that event has already been erased from the database",
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ class FederationError(RuntimeError):
         code: int,
         reason: str,
         affected: str,
-        source: Optional[str] = None,
+        source: str | None = None,
     ):
         if level not in ["FATAL", "ERROR", "WARN"]:
             raise ValueError("Level is not valid: %s" % (level,))
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ class FederationPullAttemptBackoffError(RuntimeError):
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, event_ids: "StrCollection", message: Optional[str], retry_after_ms: int
+        self, event_ids: "StrCollection", message: str | None, retry_after_ms: int
     ):
         event_ids = list(event_ids)
 

synapse/api/filtering.py

@@ -28,9 +28,7 @@ from typing import (
     Collection,
     Iterable,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import jsonschema
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ class Filtering:
         self.DEFAULT_FILTER_COLLECTION = FilterCollection(hs, {})
 
     async def get_user_filter(
-        self, user_id: UserID, filter_id: Union[int, str]
+        self, user_id: UserID, filter_id: int | str
     ) -> "FilterCollection":
         result = await self.store.get_user_filter(user_id, filter_id)
         return FilterCollection(self._hs, result)
@@ -531,7 +529,7 @@ class Filter:
         return newFilter
 
 
-def _matches_wildcard(actual_value: Optional[str], filter_value: str) -> bool:
+def _matches_wildcard(actual_value: str | None, filter_value: str) -> bool:
     if filter_value.endswith("*") and isinstance(actual_value, str):
         type_prefix = filter_value[:-1]
         return actual_value.startswith(type_prefix)

synapse/api/presence.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import attr
 
@@ -41,15 +41,13 @@ class UserDevicePresenceState:
     """
 
     user_id: str
-    device_id: Optional[str]
+    device_id: str | None
     state: str
     last_active_ts: int
     last_sync_ts: int
 
     @classmethod
-    def default(
-        cls, user_id: str, device_id: Optional[str]
-    ) -> "UserDevicePresenceState":
+    def default(cls, user_id: str, device_id: str | None) -> "UserDevicePresenceState":
         """Returns a default presence state."""
         return cls(
             user_id=user_id,
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ class UserPresenceState:
     last_active_ts: int
     last_federation_update_ts: int
     last_user_sync_ts: int
-    status_msg: Optional[str]
+    status_msg: str | None
     currently_active: bool
 
     def as_dict(self) -> JsonDict:

synapse/api/ratelimiting.py

@@ -102,9 +102,7 @@ class Ratelimiter:
 
         self.clock.looping_call(self._prune_message_counts, 15 * 1000)
 
-    def _get_key(
-        self, requester: Optional[Requester], key: Optional[Hashable]
-    ) -> Hashable:
+    def _get_key(self, requester: Requester | None, key: Hashable | None) -> Hashable:
         """Use the requester's MXID as a fallback key if no key is provided."""
         if key is None:
             if not requester:
@@ -121,13 +119,13 @@ class Ratelimiter:
 
     async def can_do_action(
         self,
-        requester: Optional[Requester],
-        key: Optional[Hashable] = None,
-        rate_hz: Optional[float] = None,
-        burst_count: Optional[int] = None,
+        requester: Requester | None,
+        key: Hashable | None = None,
+        rate_hz: float | None = None,
+        burst_count: int | None = None,
         update: bool = True,
         n_actions: int = 1,
-        _time_now_s: Optional[float] = None,
+        _time_now_s: float | None = None,
     ) -> tuple[bool, float]:
         """Can the entity (e.g. user or IP address) perform the action?
 
@@ -247,10 +245,10 @@ class Ratelimiter:
 
     def record_action(
         self,
-        requester: Optional[Requester],
-        key: Optional[Hashable] = None,
+        requester: Requester | None,
+        key: Hashable | None = None,
         n_actions: int = 1,
-        _time_now_s: Optional[float] = None,
+        _time_now_s: float | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Record that an action(s) took place, even if they violate the rate limit.
 
@@ -332,14 +330,14 @@ class Ratelimiter:
 
     async def ratelimit(
         self,
-        requester: Optional[Requester],
-        key: Optional[Hashable] = None,
-        rate_hz: Optional[float] = None,
-        burst_count: Optional[int] = None,
+        requester: Requester | None,
+        key: Hashable | None = None,
+        rate_hz: float | None = None,
+        burst_count: int | None = None,
         update: bool = True,
         n_actions: int = 1,
-        _time_now_s: Optional[float] = None,
-        pause: Optional[float] = 0.5,
+        _time_now_s: float | None = None,
+        pause: float | None = 0.5,
     ) -> None:
         """Checks if an action can be performed. If not, raises a LimitExceededError
 
@@ -396,7 +394,7 @@ class RequestRatelimiter:
         store: DataStore,
         clock: Clock,
         rc_message: RatelimitSettings,
-        rc_admin_redaction: Optional[RatelimitSettings],
+        rc_admin_redaction: RatelimitSettings | None,
     ):
         self.store = store
         self.clock = clock
@@ -412,7 +410,7 @@ class RequestRatelimiter:
         # Check whether ratelimiting room admin message redaction is enabled
         # by the presence of rate limits in the config
         if rc_admin_redaction:
-            self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter: Optional[Ratelimiter] = Ratelimiter(
+            self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter | None = Ratelimiter(
                 store=self.store,
                 clock=self.clock,
                 cfg=rc_admin_redaction,

synapse/api/room_versions.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-from typing import Callable, Optional
+from typing import Callable
 
 import attr
 
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ class RoomVersionCapability:
     """An object which describes the unique attributes of a room version."""
 
     identifier: str  # the identifier for this capability
-    preferred_version: Optional[RoomVersion]
+    preferred_version: RoomVersion | None
     support_check_lambda: Callable[[RoomVersion], bool]
 
 

synapse/api/urls.py

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 import hmac
 import urllib.parse
 from hashlib import sha256
-from typing import Optional
 from urllib.parse import urlencode, urljoin
 
 from synapse.config import ConfigError
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ class LoginSSORedirectURIBuilder:
         self._public_baseurl = hs_config.server.public_baseurl
 
     def build_login_sso_redirect_uri(
-        self, *, idp_id: Optional[str], client_redirect_url: str
+        self, *, idp_id: str | None, client_redirect_url: str
     ) -> str:
         """Build a `/login/sso/redirect` URI for the given identity provider.
 

synapse/app/_base.py

@@ -36,8 +36,6 @@ from typing import (
     Awaitable,
     Callable,
     NoReturn,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
     cast,
 )
 from wsgiref.simple_server import WSGIServer
@@ -180,8 +178,8 @@ def start_worker_reactor(
 def start_reactor(
     appname: str,
     soft_file_limit: int,
-    gc_thresholds: Optional[tuple[int, int, int]],
-    pid_file: Optional[str],
+    gc_thresholds: tuple[int, int, int] | None,
+    pid_file: str | None,
     daemonize: bool,
     print_pidfile: bool,
     logger: logging.Logger,
@@ -421,7 +419,7 @@ def listen_http(
     root_resource: Resource,
     version_string: str,
     max_request_body_size: int,
-    context_factory: Optional[IOpenSSLContextFactory],
+    context_factory: IOpenSSLContextFactory | None,
     reactor: ISynapseReactor = reactor,
 ) -> list[Port]:
     """
@@ -564,9 +562,7 @@ def setup_sighup_handling() -> None:
     if _already_setup_sighup_handling:
         return
 
-    previous_sighup_handler: Union[
-        Callable[[int, Optional[FrameType]], Any], int, None
-    ] = None
+    previous_sighup_handler: Callable[[int, FrameType | None], Any] | int | None = None
 
     # Set up the SIGHUP machinery.
     if hasattr(signal, "SIGHUP"):

synapse/app/admin_cmd.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import logging
 import os
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from typing import Mapping, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import Mapping, Sequence
 
 from twisted.internet import defer, task
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class FileExfiltrationWriter(ExfiltrationWriter):
             to a temporary directory.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, user_id: str, directory: Optional[str] = None):
+    def __init__(self, user_id: str, directory: str | None = None):
         self.user_id = user_id
 
         if directory:
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ def load_config(argv_options: list[str]) -> tuple[HomeServerConfig, argparse.Nam
 
 def create_homeserver(
     config: HomeServerConfig,
-    reactor: Optional[ISynapseReactor] = None,
+    reactor: ISynapseReactor | None = None,
 ) -> AdminCmdServer:
     """
     Create a homeserver instance for the Synapse admin command process.

synapse/app/complement_fork_starter.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import os
 import signal
 import sys
 from types import FrameType
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+from typing import Any, Callable
 
 from twisted.internet.main import installReactor
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     # Install signal handlers to propagate signals to all our children, so that they
     # shut down cleanly. This also inhibits our own exit, but that's good: we want to
     # wait until the children have exited.
-    def handle_signal(signum: int, frame: Optional[FrameType]) -> None:
+    def handle_signal(signum: int, frame: FrameType | None) -> None:
         print(
             f"complement_fork_starter: Caught signal {signum}. Stopping children.",
             file=sys.stderr,

synapse/app/generic_worker.py

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #
 import logging
 import sys
-from typing import Optional
 
 from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 
@@ -336,7 +335,7 @@ def load_config(argv_options: list[str]) -> HomeServerConfig:
 
 def create_homeserver(
     config: HomeServerConfig,
-    reactor: Optional[ISynapseReactor] = None,
+    reactor: ISynapseReactor | None = None,
 ) -> GenericWorkerServer:
     """
     Create a homeserver instance for the Synapse worker process.

synapse/app/homeserver.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import sys
-from typing import Iterable, Optional
+from typing import Iterable
 
 from twisted.internet.tcp import Port
 from twisted.web.resource import EncodingResourceWrapper, Resource
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ def load_or_generate_config(argv_options: list[str]) -> HomeServerConfig:
 
 def create_homeserver(
     config: HomeServerConfig,
-    reactor: Optional[ISynapseReactor] = None,
+    reactor: ISynapseReactor | None = None,
 ) -> SynapseHomeServer:
     """
     Create a homeserver instance for the Synapse main process.

synapse/appservice/__init__.py

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ from enum import Enum
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Iterable,
-    Optional,
     Pattern,
     Sequence,
     cast,
@@ -95,12 +94,12 @@ class ApplicationService:
         token: str,
         id: str,
         sender: UserID,
-        url: Optional[str] = None,
-        namespaces: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
-        hs_token: Optional[str] = None,
-        protocols: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        url: str | None = None,
+        namespaces: JsonDict | None = None,
+        hs_token: str | None = None,
+        protocols: Iterable[str] | None = None,
         rate_limited: bool = True,
-        ip_range_whitelist: Optional[IPSet] = None,
+        ip_range_whitelist: IPSet | None = None,
         supports_ephemeral: bool = False,
         msc3202_transaction_extensions: bool = False,
         msc4190_device_management: bool = False,
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ class ApplicationService:
         self.rate_limited = rate_limited
 
     def _check_namespaces(
-        self, namespaces: Optional[JsonDict]
+        self, namespaces: JsonDict | None
     ) -> dict[str, list[Namespace]]:
         # Sanity check that it is of the form:
         # {
@@ -179,9 +178,7 @@ class ApplicationService:
 
         return result
 
-    def _matches_regex(
-        self, namespace_key: str, test_string: str
-    ) -> Optional[Namespace]:
+    def _matches_regex(self, namespace_key: str, test_string: str) -> Namespace | None:
         for namespace in self.namespaces[namespace_key]:
             if namespace.regex.match(test_string):
                 return namespace

synapse/appservice/api.py

@@ -25,10 +25,8 @@ from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Iterable,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
 )
 
 from prometheus_client import Counter
@@ -222,7 +220,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
         assert service.hs_token is not None
 
         try:
-            args: Mapping[bytes, Union[list[bytes], str]] = fields
+            args: Mapping[bytes, list[bytes] | str] = fields
             if self.config.use_appservice_legacy_authorization:
                 args = {
                     **fields,
@@ -258,11 +256,11 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
 
     async def get_3pe_protocol(
         self, service: "ApplicationService", protocol: str
-    ) -> Optional[JsonDict]:
+    ) -> JsonDict | None:
         if service.url is None:
             return {}
 
-        async def _get() -> Optional[JsonDict]:
+        async def _get() -> JsonDict | None:
             # This is required by the configuration.
             assert service.hs_token is not None
             try:
@@ -300,7 +298,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
         key = (service.id, protocol)
         return await self.protocol_meta_cache.wrap(key, _get)
 
-    async def ping(self, service: "ApplicationService", txn_id: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    async def ping(self, service: "ApplicationService", txn_id: str | None) -> None:
         # The caller should check that url is set
         assert service.url is not None, "ping called without URL being set"
 
@@ -322,7 +320,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
         one_time_keys_count: TransactionOneTimeKeysCount,
         unused_fallback_keys: TransactionUnusedFallbackKeys,
         device_list_summary: DeviceListUpdates,
-        txn_id: Optional[int] = None,
+        txn_id: int | None = None,
     ) -> bool:
         """
         Push data to an application service.

synapse/appservice/scheduler.py

@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     Collection,
     Iterable,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
 )
 
@@ -123,10 +122,10 @@ class ApplicationServiceScheduler:
     def enqueue_for_appservice(
         self,
         appservice: ApplicationService,
-        events: Optional[Collection[EventBase]] = None,
-        ephemeral: Optional[Collection[JsonMapping]] = None,
-        to_device_messages: Optional[Collection[JsonMapping]] = None,
-        device_list_summary: Optional[DeviceListUpdates] = None,
+        events: Collection[EventBase] | None = None,
+        ephemeral: Collection[JsonMapping] | None = None,
+        to_device_messages: Collection[JsonMapping] | None = None,
+        device_list_summary: DeviceListUpdates | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Enqueue some data to be sent off to an application service.
@@ -260,8 +259,8 @@ class _ServiceQueuer:
                 ):
                     return
 
-                one_time_keys_count: Optional[TransactionOneTimeKeysCount] = None
-                unused_fallback_keys: Optional[TransactionUnusedFallbackKeys] = None
+                one_time_keys_count: TransactionOneTimeKeysCount | None = None
+                unused_fallback_keys: TransactionUnusedFallbackKeys | None = None
 
                 if (
                     self._msc3202_transaction_extensions_enabled
@@ -369,11 +368,11 @@ class _TransactionController:
         self,
         service: ApplicationService,
         events: Sequence[EventBase],
-        ephemeral: Optional[list[JsonMapping]] = None,
-        to_device_messages: Optional[list[JsonMapping]] = None,
-        one_time_keys_count: Optional[TransactionOneTimeKeysCount] = None,
-        unused_fallback_keys: Optional[TransactionUnusedFallbackKeys] = None,
-        device_list_summary: Optional[DeviceListUpdates] = None,
+        ephemeral: list[JsonMapping] | None = None,
+        to_device_messages: list[JsonMapping] | None = None,
+        one_time_keys_count: TransactionOneTimeKeysCount | None = None,
+        unused_fallback_keys: TransactionUnusedFallbackKeys | None = None,
+        device_list_summary: DeviceListUpdates | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Create a transaction with the given data and send to the provided
@@ -504,7 +503,7 @@ class _Recoverer:
         self.service = service
         self.callback = callback
         self.backoff_counter = 1
-        self.scheduled_recovery: Optional[IDelayedCall] = None
+        self.scheduled_recovery: IDelayedCall | None = None
 
     def recover(self) -> None:
         delay = 2**self.backoff_counter

synapse/config/_base.py

@@ -36,9 +36,7 @@ from typing import (
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
     MutableMapping,
-    Optional,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import attr
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ class ConfigError(Exception):
            the problem lies.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, msg: str, path: Optional[StrSequence] = None):
+    def __init__(self, msg: str, path: StrSequence | None = None):
         self.msg = msg
         self.path = path
 
@@ -175,7 +173,7 @@ class Config:
         )
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_size(value: Union[str, int]) -> int:
+    def parse_size(value: str | int) -> int:
         """Interpret `value` as a number of bytes.
 
         If an integer is provided it is treated as bytes and is unchanged.
@@ -202,7 +200,7 @@ class Config:
             raise TypeError(f"Bad byte size {value!r}")
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_duration(value: Union[str, int]) -> int:
+    def parse_duration(value: str | int) -> int:
         """Convert a duration as a string or integer to a number of milliseconds.
 
         If an integer is provided it is treated as milliseconds and is unchanged.
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ class Config:
         return path_exists(file_path)
 
     @classmethod
-    def check_file(cls, file_path: Optional[str], config_name: str) -> str:
+    def check_file(cls, file_path: str | None, config_name: str) -> str:
         if file_path is None:
             raise ConfigError("Missing config for %s." % (config_name,))
         try:
@@ -318,7 +316,7 @@ class Config:
     def read_templates(
         self,
         filenames: list[str],
-        custom_template_directories: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        custom_template_directories: Iterable[str] | None = None,
     ) -> list[jinja2.Template]:
         """Load a list of template files from disk using the given variables.
 
@@ -465,11 +463,11 @@ class RootConfig:
         data_dir_path: str,
         server_name: str,
         generate_secrets: bool = False,
-        report_stats: Optional[bool] = None,
+        report_stats: bool | None = None,
         open_private_ports: bool = False,
-        listeners: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
-        tls_certificate_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        tls_private_key_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        listeners: list[dict] | None = None,
+        tls_certificate_path: str | None = None,
+        tls_private_key_path: str | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """
         Build a default configuration file
@@ -655,7 +653,7 @@ class RootConfig:
     @classmethod
     def load_or_generate_config(
         cls: type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv_options: list[str]
-    ) -> Optional[TRootConfig]:
+    ) -> TRootConfig | None:
         """Parse the commandline and config files
 
         Supports generation of config files, so is used for the main homeserver app.
@@ -898,7 +896,7 @@ class RootConfig:
         :returns: the previous config object, which no longer has a reference to this
             RootConfig.
         """
-        existing_config: Optional[Config] = getattr(self, section_name, None)
+        existing_config: Config | None = getattr(self, section_name, None)
         if existing_config is None:
             raise ValueError(f"Unknown config section '{section_name}'")
         logger.info("Reloading config section '%s'", section_name)

synapse/config/_base.pyi

@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ from typing import (
     Iterator,
     Literal,
     MutableMapping,
-    Optional,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ from synapse.config import (  # noqa: F401
 from synapse.types import StrSequence
 
 class ConfigError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self, msg: str, path: Optional[StrSequence] = None):
+    def __init__(self, msg: str, path: StrSequence | None = None):
         self.msg = msg
         self.path = path
 
@@ -146,16 +144,16 @@ class RootConfig:
         data_dir_path: str,
         server_name: str,
         generate_secrets: bool = ...,
-        report_stats: Optional[bool] = ...,
+        report_stats: bool | None = ...,
         open_private_ports: bool = ...,
-        listeners: Optional[Any] = ...,
-        tls_certificate_path: Optional[str] = ...,
-        tls_private_key_path: Optional[str] = ...,
+        listeners: Any | None = ...,
+        tls_certificate_path: str | None = ...,
+        tls_private_key_path: str | None = ...,
     ) -> str: ...
     @classmethod
     def load_or_generate_config(
         cls: type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv_options: list[str]
-    ) -> Optional[TRootConfig]: ...
+    ) -> TRootConfig | None: ...
     @classmethod
     def load_config(
         cls: type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv_options: list[str]
@@ -183,11 +181,11 @@ class Config:
     default_template_dir: str
     def __init__(self, root_config: RootConfig = ...) -> None: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_size(value: Union[str, int]) -> int: ...
+    def parse_size(value: str | int) -> int: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_duration(value: Union[str, int]) -> int: ...
+    def parse_duration(value: str | int) -> int: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def abspath(file_path: Optional[str]) -> str: ...
+    def abspath(file_path: str | None) -> str: ...
     @classmethod
     def path_exists(cls, file_path: str) -> bool: ...
     @classmethod
@@ -200,7 +198,7 @@ class Config:
     def read_templates(
         self,
         filenames: list[str],
-        custom_template_directories: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        custom_template_directories: Iterable[str] | None = None,
     ) -> list[jinja2.Template]: ...
 
 def read_config_files(config_files: Iterable[str]) -> dict[str, Any]: ...

synapse/config/api.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional
+from typing import Any, Iterable
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
 from synapse.config._base import Config, ConfigError
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class ApiConfig(Config):
 
     def _get_prejoin_state_entries(
         self, config: JsonDict
-    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Optional[str]]]:
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, str | None]]:
         """Get the event types and state keys to include in the prejoin state."""
         room_prejoin_state_config = config.get("room_prejoin_state") or {}
 

synapse/config/cache.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import logging
 import os
 import re
 import threading
-from typing import Any, Callable, Mapping, Optional
+from typing import Any, Callable, Mapping
 
 import attr
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class CacheProperties:
     default_factor_size: float = float(
         os.environ.get(_CACHE_PREFIX, _DEFAULT_FACTOR_SIZE)
     )
-    resize_all_caches_func: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None
+    resize_all_caches_func: Callable[[], None] | None = None
 
 
 properties = CacheProperties()
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class CacheConfig(Config):
     cache_factors: dict[str, float]
     global_factor: float
     track_memory_usage: bool
-    expiry_time_msec: Optional[int]
+    expiry_time_msec: int | None
     sync_response_cache_duration: int
 
     @staticmethod

synapse/config/cas.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from synapse.config.sso import SsoAttributeRequirement
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class CasConfig(Config):
 
             # TODO Update this to a _synapse URL.
             public_baseurl = self.root.server.public_baseurl
-            self.cas_service_url: Optional[str] = (
+            self.cas_service_url: str | None = (
                 public_baseurl + "_matrix/client/r0/login/cas/ticket"
             )
 

synapse/config/consent.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #
 
 from os import path
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from synapse.config import ConfigError
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ class ConsentConfig(Config):
     def __init__(self, *args: Any):
         super().__init__(*args)
 
-        self.user_consent_version: Optional[str] = None
-        self.user_consent_template_dir: Optional[str] = None
-        self.user_consent_server_notice_content: Optional[JsonDict] = None
+        self.user_consent_version: str | None = None
+        self.user_consent_template_dir: str | None = None
+        self.user_consent_server_notice_content: JsonDict | None = None
         self.user_consent_server_notice_to_guests = False
-        self.block_events_without_consent_error: Optional[str] = None
+        self.block_events_without_consent_error: str | None = None
         self.user_consent_at_registration = False
         self.user_consent_policy_name = "Privacy Policy"
 

synapse/config/experimental.py

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class ClientAuthMethod(enum.Enum):
     PRIVATE_KEY_JWT = "private_key_jwt"
 
 
-def _parse_jwks(jwks: Optional[JsonDict]) -> Optional["JsonWebKey"]:
+def _parse_jwks(jwks: JsonDict | None) -> Optional["JsonWebKey"]:
     """A helper function to parse a JWK dict into a JsonWebKey."""
 
     if jwks is None:
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def _parse_jwks(jwks: Optional[JsonDict]) -> Optional["JsonWebKey"]:
 
 
 def _check_client_secret(
-    instance: "MSC3861", _attribute: attr.Attribute, _value: Optional[str]
+    instance: "MSC3861", _attribute: attr.Attribute, _value: str | None
 ) -> None:
     if instance._client_secret and instance._client_secret_path:
         raise ConfigError(
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def _check_client_secret(
 
 
 def _check_admin_token(
-    instance: "MSC3861", _attribute: attr.Attribute, _value: Optional[str]
+    instance: "MSC3861", _attribute: attr.Attribute, _value: str | None
 ) -> None:
     if instance._admin_token and instance._admin_token_path:
         raise ConfigError(
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class MSC3861:
     issuer: str = attr.ib(default="", validator=attr.validators.instance_of(str))
     """The URL of the OIDC Provider."""
 
-    issuer_metadata: Optional[JsonDict] = attr.ib(default=None)
+    issuer_metadata: JsonDict | None = attr.ib(default=None)
     """The issuer metadata to use, otherwise discovered from /.well-known/openid-configuration as per MSC2965."""
 
     client_id: str = attr.ib(
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class MSC3861:
     )
     """The auth method used when calling the introspection endpoint."""
 
-    _client_secret: Optional[str] = attr.ib(
+    _client_secret: str | None = attr.ib(
         default=None,
         validator=[
             attr.validators.optional(attr.validators.instance_of(str)),
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class MSC3861:
     when using any of the client_secret_* client auth methods.
     """
 
-    _client_secret_path: Optional[str] = attr.ib(
+    _client_secret_path: str | None = attr.ib(
         default=None,
         validator=[
             attr.validators.optional(attr.validators.instance_of(str)),
@@ -196,19 +196,19 @@ class MSC3861:
                 ("experimental", "msc3861", "client_auth_method"),
             )
 
-    introspection_endpoint: Optional[str] = attr.ib(
+    introspection_endpoint: str | None = attr.ib(
         default=None,
         validator=attr.validators.optional(attr.validators.instance_of(str)),
     )
     """The URL of the introspection endpoint used to validate access tokens."""
 
-    account_management_url: Optional[str] = attr.ib(
+    account_management_url: str | None = attr.ib(
         default=None,
         validator=attr.validators.optional(attr.validators.instance_of(str)),
     )
     """The URL of the My Account page on the OIDC Provider as per MSC2965."""
 
-    _admin_token: Optional[str] = attr.ib(
+    _admin_token: str | None = attr.ib(
         default=None,
         validator=[
             attr.validators.optional(attr.validators.instance_of(str)),
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class MSC3861:
     This is used by the OIDC provider, to make admin calls to Synapse.
     """
 
-    _admin_token_path: Optional[str] = attr.ib(
+    _admin_token_path: str | None = attr.ib(
         default=None,
         validator=[
             attr.validators.optional(attr.validators.instance_of(str)),
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class MSC3861:
     external file.
     """
 
-    def client_secret(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def client_secret(self) -> str | None:
         """Returns the secret given via `client_secret` or `client_secret_path`."""
         if self._client_secret_path:
             return read_secret_from_file_once(
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class MSC3861:
             )
         return self._client_secret
 
-    def admin_token(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def admin_token(self) -> str | None:
         """Returns the admin token given via `admin_token` or `admin_token_path`."""
         if self._admin_token_path:
             return read_secret_from_file_once(
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
         # MSC4108: Mechanism to allow OIDC sign in and E2EE set up via QR code
         self.msc4108_enabled = experimental.get("msc4108_enabled", False)
 
-        self.msc4108_delegation_endpoint: Optional[str] = experimental.get(
+        self.msc4108_delegation_endpoint: str | None = experimental.get(
             "msc4108_delegation_endpoint", None
         )
 

synapse/config/federation.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 # [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
 #
 #
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from synapse.config._base import Config
 from synapse.config._util import validate_config
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class FederationConfig(Config):
         federation_config = config.setdefault("federation", {})
 
         # FIXME: federation_domain_whitelist needs sytests
-        self.federation_domain_whitelist: Optional[dict] = None
+        self.federation_domain_whitelist: dict | None = None
         federation_domain_whitelist = config.get("federation_domain_whitelist", None)
 
         if federation_domain_whitelist is not None:

synapse/config/key.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 import hashlib
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator
 
 import attr
 import jsonschema
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class TrustedKeyServer:
     server_name: str
 
     # map from key id to key object, or None to disable signature verification.
-    verify_keys: Optional[dict[str, VerifyKey]] = None
+    verify_keys: dict[str, VerifyKey] | None = None
 
 
 class KeyConfig(Config):
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class KeyConfig(Config):
         if form_secret_path:
             if form_secret:
                 raise ConfigError(CONFLICTING_FORM_SECRET_OPTS_ERROR)
-            self.form_secret: Optional[str] = read_file(
+            self.form_secret: str | None = read_file(
                 form_secret_path, ("form_secret_path",)
             ).strip()
         else:
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ class KeyConfig(Config):
             raise ConfigError("Error reading %s: %s" % (name, str(e)))
 
     def read_old_signing_keys(
-        self, old_signing_keys: Optional[JsonDict]
+        self, old_signing_keys: JsonDict | None
     ) -> dict[str, "VerifyKeyWithExpiry"]:
         if old_signing_keys is None:
             return {}
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ def _parse_key_servers(
         server_name = server["server_name"]
         result = TrustedKeyServer(server_name=server_name)
 
-        verify_keys: Optional[dict[str, str]] = server.get("verify_keys")
+        verify_keys: dict[str, str] | None = server.get("verify_keys")
         if verify_keys is not None:
             result.verify_keys = {}
             for key_id, key_base64 in verify_keys.items():

synapse/config/logger.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import os
 import sys
 import threading
 from string import Template
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import yaml
 from zope.interface import implementer
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ def one_time_logging_setup(*, logBeginner: LogBeginner = globalLogBeginner) -> N
 
 
 def _setup_stdlib_logging(
-    config: "HomeServerConfig", log_config_path: Optional[str]
+    config: "HomeServerConfig", log_config_path: str | None
 ) -> None:
     """
     Set up Python standard library logging.
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ def _load_logging_config(log_config_path: str) -> None:
     reset_logging_config()
 
 
-def _reload_logging_config(log_config_path: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def _reload_logging_config(log_config_path: str | None) -> None:
     """
     Reload the log configuration from the file and apply it.
     """

synapse/config/mas.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import (
     AnyHttpUrl,
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ from ._base import Config, ConfigError, RootConfig
 class MasConfigModel(ParseModel):
     enabled: StrictBool = False
     endpoint: AnyHttpUrl = AnyHttpUrl("http://localhost:8080")
-    secret: Optional[StrictStr] = Field(default=None)
-    secret_path: Optional[FilePath] = Field(default=None)
+    secret: StrictStr | None = Field(default=None)
+    secret_path: FilePath | None = Field(default=None)
 
     @model_validator(mode="after")
     def verify_secret(self) -> Self:

synapse/config/matrixrtc.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import Field, StrictStr, ValidationError, model_validator
 from typing_extensions import Self
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from ._base import Config, ConfigError
 class TransportConfigModel(ParseModel):
     type: StrictStr
 
-    livekit_service_url: Optional[StrictStr] = Field(default=None)
+    livekit_service_url: StrictStr | None = Field(default=None)
     """An optional livekit service URL. Only required if type is "livekit"."""
 
     @model_validator(mode="after")

synapse/config/metrics.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import attr
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class MetricsConfig(Config):
                 )
 
     def generate_config_section(
-        self, report_stats: Optional[bool] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        self, report_stats: bool | None = None, **kwargs: Any
     ) -> str:
         if report_stats is not None:
             res = "report_stats: %s\n" % ("true" if report_stats else "false")

synapse/config/oembed.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 import importlib.resources as importlib_resources
 import json
 import re
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Pattern
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Pattern
 from urllib import parse as urlparse
 
 import attr
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class OEmbedEndpointConfig:
     # The patterns to match.
     url_patterns: list[Pattern[str]]
     # The supported formats.
-    formats: Optional[list[str]]
+    formats: list[str] | None
 
 
 class OembedConfig(Config):

synapse/config/oidc.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #
 
 from collections import Counter
-from typing import Any, Collection, Iterable, Mapping, Optional
+from typing import Any, Collection, Iterable, Mapping
 
 import attr
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ def _parse_oidc_config_dict(
             ) from e
 
     client_secret_jwt_key_config = oidc_config.get("client_secret_jwt_key")
-    client_secret_jwt_key: Optional[OidcProviderClientSecretJwtKey] = None
+    client_secret_jwt_key: OidcProviderClientSecretJwtKey | None = None
     if client_secret_jwt_key_config is not None:
         keyfile = client_secret_jwt_key_config.get("key_file")
         if keyfile:
@@ -384,10 +384,10 @@ class OidcProviderConfig:
     idp_name: str
 
     # Optional MXC URI for icon for this IdP.
-    idp_icon: Optional[str]
+    idp_icon: str | None
 
     # Optional brand identifier for this IdP.
-    idp_brand: Optional[str]
+    idp_brand: str | None
 
     # whether the OIDC discovery mechanism is used to discover endpoints
     discover: bool
@@ -401,11 +401,11 @@ class OidcProviderConfig:
 
     # oauth2 client secret to use. if `None`, use client_secret_jwt_key to generate
     # a secret.
-    client_secret: Optional[str]
+    client_secret: str | None
 
     # key to use to construct a JWT to use as a client secret. May be `None` if
     # `client_secret` is set.
-    client_secret_jwt_key: Optional[OidcProviderClientSecretJwtKey]
+    client_secret_jwt_key: OidcProviderClientSecretJwtKey | None
 
     # auth method to use when exchanging the token.
     # Valid values are 'client_secret_basic', 'client_secret_post' and
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ class OidcProviderConfig:
     # Valid values are 'auto', 'always', and 'never'.
     pkce_method: str
 
-    id_token_signing_alg_values_supported: Optional[list[str]]
+    id_token_signing_alg_values_supported: list[str] | None
     """
     List of the JWS signing algorithms (`alg` values) that are supported for signing the
     `id_token`.
@@ -448,18 +448,18 @@ class OidcProviderConfig:
     scopes: Collection[str]
 
     # the oauth2 authorization endpoint. Required if discovery is disabled.
-    authorization_endpoint: Optional[str]
+    authorization_endpoint: str | None
 
     # the oauth2 token endpoint. Required if discovery is disabled.
-    token_endpoint: Optional[str]
+    token_endpoint: str | None
 
     # the OIDC userinfo endpoint. Required if discovery is disabled and the
     # "openid" scope is not requested.
-    userinfo_endpoint: Optional[str]
+    userinfo_endpoint: str | None
 
     # URI where to fetch the JWKS. Required if discovery is disabled and the
     # "openid" scope is used.
-    jwks_uri: Optional[str]
+    jwks_uri: str | None
 
     # Whether Synapse should react to backchannel logouts
     backchannel_logout_enabled: bool
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ class OidcProviderConfig:
     # values are: "auto" or "userinfo_endpoint".
     user_profile_method: str
 
-    redirect_uri: Optional[str]
+    redirect_uri: str | None
     """
     An optional replacement for Synapse's hardcoded `redirect_uri` URL
     (`<public_baseurl>/_synapse/client/oidc/callback`). This can be used to send

synapse/config/ratelimiting.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-from typing import Any, Optional, cast
+from typing import Any, cast
 
 import attr
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class RatelimitSettings:
         cls,
         config: dict[str, Any],
         key: str,
-        defaults: Optional[dict[str, float]] = None,
+        defaults: dict[str, float] | None = None,
     ) -> "RatelimitSettings":
         """Parse config[key] as a new-style rate limiter config.
 

synapse/config/registration.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 #
 import argparse
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from synapse.api.constants import RoomCreationPreset
 from synapse.config._base import Config, ConfigError, read_file
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class RegistrationConfig(Config):
             refreshable_access_token_lifetime = self.parse_duration(
                 refreshable_access_token_lifetime
             )
-        self.refreshable_access_token_lifetime: Optional[int] = (
+        self.refreshable_access_token_lifetime: int | None = (
             refreshable_access_token_lifetime
         )
 
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class RegistrationConfig(Config):
         refresh_token_lifetime = config.get("refresh_token_lifetime")
         if refresh_token_lifetime is not None:
             refresh_token_lifetime = self.parse_duration(refresh_token_lifetime)
-        self.refresh_token_lifetime: Optional[int] = refresh_token_lifetime
+        self.refresh_token_lifetime: int | None = refresh_token_lifetime
 
         if (
             self.session_lifetime is not None

synapse/config/retention.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import attr
 
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ class RetentionPurgeJob:
     """Object describing the configuration of the manhole"""
 
     interval: int
-    shortest_max_lifetime: Optional[int]
-    longest_max_lifetime: Optional[int]
+    shortest_max_lifetime: int | None
+    longest_max_lifetime: int | None
 
 
 class RetentionConfig(Config):

synapse/config/server.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import logging
 import os.path
 import urllib.parse
 from textwrap import indent
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, TypedDict, Union
+from typing import Any, Iterable, TypedDict
 from urllib.request import getproxies_environment
 
 import attr
@@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ def _6to4(network: IPNetwork) -> IPNetwork:
 
 
 def generate_ip_set(
-    ip_addresses: Optional[Iterable[str]],
-    extra_addresses: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
-    config_path: Optional[StrSequence] = None,
+    ip_addresses: Iterable[str] | None,
+    extra_addresses: Iterable[str] | None = None,
+    config_path: StrSequence | None = None,
 ) -> IPSet:
     """
     Generate an IPSet from a list of IP addresses or CIDRs.
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ class HttpListenerConfig:
     x_forwarded: bool = False
     resources: list[HttpResourceConfig] = attr.Factory(list)
     additional_resources: dict[str, dict] = attr.Factory(dict)
-    tag: Optional[str] = None
-    request_id_header: Optional[str] = None
+    tag: str | None = None
+    request_id_header: str | None = None
 
 
 @attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class TCPListenerConfig:
     tls: bool = False
 
     # http_options is only populated if type=http
-    http_options: Optional[HttpListenerConfig] = None
+    http_options: HttpListenerConfig | None = None
 
     def get_site_tag(self) -> str:
         """Retrieves http_options.tag if it exists, otherwise the port number."""
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class UnixListenerConfig:
     type: str = attr.ib(validator=attr.validators.in_(KNOWN_LISTENER_TYPES))
 
     # http_options is only populated if type=http
-    http_options: Optional[HttpListenerConfig] = None
+    http_options: HttpListenerConfig | None = None
 
     def get_site_tag(self) -> str:
         return "unix"
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ class UnixListenerConfig:
         return False
 
 
-ListenerConfig = Union[TCPListenerConfig, UnixListenerConfig]
+ListenerConfig = TCPListenerConfig | UnixListenerConfig
 
 
 @attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
@@ -288,14 +288,14 @@ class ManholeConfig:
 
     username: str = attr.ib(validator=attr.validators.instance_of(str))
     password: str = attr.ib(validator=attr.validators.instance_of(str))
-    priv_key: Optional[Key]
-    pub_key: Optional[Key]
+    priv_key: Key | None
+    pub_key: Key | None
 
 
 @attr.s(frozen=True)
 class LimitRemoteRoomsConfig:
     enabled: bool = attr.ib(validator=attr.validators.instance_of(bool), default=False)
-    complexity: Union[float, int] = attr.ib(
+    complexity: float | int = attr.ib(
         validator=attr.validators.instance_of((float, int)),  # noqa
         default=1.0,
     )
@@ -313,11 +313,11 @@ class ProxyConfigDictionary(TypedDict):
     Dictionary of proxy settings suitable for interacting with `urllib.request` API's
     """
 
-    http: Optional[str]
+    http: str | None
     """
     Proxy server to use for HTTP requests.
     """
-    https: Optional[str]
+    https: str | None
     """
     Proxy server to use for HTTPS requests.
     """
@@ -336,15 +336,15 @@ class ProxyConfig:
     Synapse configuration for HTTP proxy settings.
     """
 
-    http_proxy: Optional[str]
+    http_proxy: str | None
     """
     Proxy server to use for HTTP requests.
     """
-    https_proxy: Optional[str]
+    https_proxy: str | None
     """
     Proxy server to use for HTTPS requests.
     """
-    no_proxy_hosts: Optional[list[str]]
+    no_proxy_hosts: list[str] | None
     """
     List of hosts, IP addresses, or IP ranges in CIDR format which should not use the
     proxy. Synapse will directly connect to these hosts.
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         # before redacting them.
         redaction_retention_period = config.get("redaction_retention_period", "7d")
         if redaction_retention_period is not None:
-            self.redaction_retention_period: Optional[int] = self.parse_duration(
+            self.redaction_retention_period: int | None = self.parse_duration(
                 redaction_retention_period
             )
         else:
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
             "forgotten_room_retention_period", None
         )
         if forgotten_room_retention_period is not None:
-            self.forgotten_room_retention_period: Optional[int] = self.parse_duration(
+            self.forgotten_room_retention_period: int | None = self.parse_duration(
                 forgotten_room_retention_period
             )
         else:
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         # How long to keep entries in the `users_ips` table.
         user_ips_max_age = config.get("user_ips_max_age", "28d")
         if user_ips_max_age is not None:
-            self.user_ips_max_age: Optional[int] = self.parse_duration(user_ips_max_age)
+            self.user_ips_max_age: int | None = self.parse_duration(user_ips_max_age)
         else:
             self.user_ips_max_age = None
 
@@ -864,11 +864,11 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         )
 
         # Whitelist of domain names that given next_link parameters must have
-        next_link_domain_whitelist: Optional[list[str]] = config.get(
+        next_link_domain_whitelist: list[str] | None = config.get(
             "next_link_domain_whitelist"
         )
 
-        self.next_link_domain_whitelist: Optional[set[str]] = None
+        self.next_link_domain_whitelist: set[str] | None = None
         if next_link_domain_whitelist is not None:
             if not isinstance(next_link_domain_whitelist, list):
                 raise ConfigError("'next_link_domain_whitelist' must be a list")
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         if not isinstance(templates_config, dict):
             raise ConfigError("The 'templates' section must be a dictionary")
 
-        self.custom_template_directory: Optional[str] = templates_config.get(
+        self.custom_template_directory: str | None = templates_config.get(
             "custom_template_directory"
         )
         if self.custom_template_directory is not None and not isinstance(
@@ -896,12 +896,12 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
             config.get("exclude_rooms_from_sync") or []
         )
 
-        delete_stale_devices_after: Optional[str] = (
+        delete_stale_devices_after: str | None = (
             config.get("delete_stale_devices_after") or None
         )
 
         if delete_stale_devices_after is not None:
-            self.delete_stale_devices_after: Optional[int] = self.parse_duration(
+            self.delete_stale_devices_after: int | None = self.parse_duration(
                 delete_stale_devices_after
             )
         else:
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         # The maximum allowed delay duration for delayed events (MSC4140).
         max_event_delay_duration = config.get("max_event_delay_duration")
         if max_event_delay_duration is not None:
-            self.max_event_delay_ms: Optional[int] = self.parse_duration(
+            self.max_event_delay_ms: int | None = self.parse_duration(
                 max_event_delay_duration
             )
             if self.max_event_delay_ms <= 0:
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         data_dir_path: str,
         server_name: str,
         open_private_ports: bool,
-        listeners: Optional[list[dict]],
+        listeners: list[dict] | None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> str:
         _, bind_port = parse_and_validate_server_name(server_name)
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
             help="Turn on the twisted telnet manhole service on the given port.",
         )
 
-    def read_gc_intervals(self, durations: Any) -> Optional[tuple[float, float, float]]:
+    def read_gc_intervals(self, durations: Any) -> tuple[float, float, float] | None:
         """Reads the three durations for the GC min interval option, returning seconds."""
         if durations is None:
             return None
@@ -1066,8 +1066,8 @@ def is_threepid_reserved(
 
 
 def read_gc_thresholds(
-    thresholds: Optional[list[Any]],
-) -> Optional[tuple[int, int, int]]:
+    thresholds: list[Any] | None,
+) -> tuple[int, int, int] | None:
     """Reads the three integer thresholds for garbage collection. Ensures that
     the thresholds are integers if thresholds are supplied.
     """

synapse/config/server_notices.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID
 
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ class ServerNoticesConfig(Config):
 
     def __init__(self, *args: Any):
         super().__init__(*args)
-        self.server_notices_mxid: Optional[str] = None
-        self.server_notices_mxid_display_name: Optional[str] = None
-        self.server_notices_mxid_avatar_url: Optional[str] = None
-        self.server_notices_room_name: Optional[str] = None
-        self.server_notices_room_avatar_url: Optional[str] = None
-        self.server_notices_room_topic: Optional[str] = None
+        self.server_notices_mxid: str | None = None
+        self.server_notices_mxid_display_name: str | None = None
+        self.server_notices_mxid_avatar_url: str | None = None
+        self.server_notices_room_name: str | None = None
+        self.server_notices_room_avatar_url: str | None = None
+        self.server_notices_room_topic: str | None = None
         self.server_notices_auto_join: bool = False
 
     def read_config(self, config: JsonDict, **kwargs: Any) -> None:

synapse/config/sso.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #
 #
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import attr
 
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ class SsoAttributeRequirement:
 
     attribute: str
     # If neither `value` nor `one_of` is given, the attribute must simply exist.
-    value: Optional[str] = None
-    one_of: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    value: str | None = None
+    one_of: list[str] | None = None
 
     JSON_SCHEMA = {
         "type": "object",

synapse/config/tls.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Optional, Pattern
+from typing import Any, Pattern
 
 from matrix_common.regex import glob_to_regex
 
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
             "use_insecure_ssl_client_just_for_testing_do_not_use"
         )
 
-        self.tls_certificate: Optional[crypto.X509] = None
-        self.tls_private_key: Optional[crypto.PKey] = None
+        self.tls_certificate: crypto.X509 | None = None
+        self.tls_private_key: crypto.PKey | None = None
 
     def read_certificate_from_disk(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
 
     def generate_config_section(
         self,
-        tls_certificate_path: Optional[str],
-        tls_private_key_path: Optional[str],
+        tls_certificate_path: str | None,
+        tls_private_key_path: str | None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> str:
         """If the TLS paths are not specified the default will be certs in the

synapse/config/user_types.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
 #
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from synapse.api.constants import UserTypes
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ class UserTypesConfig(Config):
     def read_config(self, config: JsonDict, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         user_types: JsonDict = config.get("user_types", {})
 
-        self.default_user_type: Optional[str] = user_types.get(
-            "default_user_type", None
-        )
+        self.default_user_type: str | None = user_types.get("default_user_type", None)
         self.extra_user_types: list[str] = user_types.get("extra_user_types", [])
 
         all_user_types: list[str] = []

synapse/config/workers.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 import argparse
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 import attr
 from pydantic import (
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ MAIN_PROCESS_INSTANCE_MAP_NAME = "main"
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def _instance_to_list_converter(obj: Union[str, list[str]]) -> list[str]:
+def _instance_to_list_converter(obj: str | list[str]) -> list[str]:
     """Helper for allowing parsing a string or list of strings to a config
     option expecting a list of strings.
     """
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class InstanceUnixLocationConfig(ParseModel):
         return f"{self.path}"
 
 
-InstanceLocationConfig = Union[InstanceTcpLocationConfig, InstanceUnixLocationConfig]
+InstanceLocationConfig = InstanceTcpLocationConfig | InstanceUnixLocationConfig
 
 
 @attr.s
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class OutboundFederationRestrictedTo:
         locations: list of instance locations to connect to proxy via.
     """
 
-    instances: Optional[list[str]]
+    instances: list[str] | None
     locations: list[InstanceLocationConfig] = attr.Factory(list)
 
     def __contains__(self, instance: str) -> bool:
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class WorkerConfig(Config):
         if worker_replication_secret_path:
             if worker_replication_secret:
                 raise ConfigError(CONFLICTING_WORKER_REPLICATION_SECRET_OPTS_ERROR)
-            self.worker_replication_secret: Optional[str] = read_file(
+            self.worker_replication_secret: str | None = read_file(
                 worker_replication_secret_path, ("worker_replication_secret_path",)
             ).strip()
         else:
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ class WorkerConfig(Config):
                     % MAIN_PROCESS_INSTANCE_MAP_NAME
                 )
 
-        # type-ignore: the expression `Union[A, B]` is not a Type[Union[A, B]] currently
+        # type-ignore: the expression `A | B` is not a `type[A | B]` currently
         self.instance_map: dict[str, InstanceLocationConfig] = (
             parse_and_validate_mapping(
                 instance_map,

synapse/crypto/keyring.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 import abc
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Iterable, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Iterable
 
 import attr
 from signedjson.key import (
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class Keyring:
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, hs: "HomeServer", key_fetchers: "Optional[Iterable[KeyFetcher]]" = None
+        self, hs: "HomeServer", key_fetchers: "Iterable[KeyFetcher] | None" = None
     ):
         self.server_name = hs.hostname
 

synapse/event_auth.py

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def validate_event_for_room_version(event: "EventBase") -> None:
 async def check_state_independent_auth_rules(
     store: _EventSourceStore,
     event: "EventBase",
-    batched_auth_events: Optional[Mapping[str, "EventBase"]] = None,
+    batched_auth_events: Mapping[str, "EventBase"] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Check that an event complies with auth rules that are independent of room state
 
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ def _check_joined_room(
 
 
 def get_send_level(
-    etype: str, state_key: Optional[str], power_levels_event: Optional["EventBase"]
+    etype: str, state_key: str | None, power_levels_event: Optional["EventBase"]
 ) -> int:
     """Get the power level required to send an event of a given type
 
@@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ def _check_power_levels(
     user_level = get_user_power_level(event.user_id, auth_events)
 
     # Check other levels:
-    levels_to_check: list[tuple[str, Optional[str]]] = [
+    levels_to_check: list[tuple[str, str | None]] = [
         ("users_default", None),
         ("events_default", None),
         ("state_default", None),
@@ -1027,12 +1027,12 @@ def _check_power_levels(
             new_loc = new_loc.get(dir, {})
 
         if level_to_check in old_loc:
-            old_level: Optional[int] = int(old_loc[level_to_check])
+            old_level: int | None = int(old_loc[level_to_check])
         else:
             old_level = None
 
         if level_to_check in new_loc:
-            new_level: Optional[int] = int(new_loc[level_to_check])
+            new_level: int | None = int(new_loc[level_to_check])
         else:
             new_level = None
 

synapse/events/__init__.py

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ from typing import (
     Generic,
     Iterable,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     TypeVar,
     Union,
     overload,
@@ -90,21 +89,21 @@ class DictProperty(Generic[T]):
     def __get__(
         self,
         instance: Literal[None],
-        owner: Optional[type[_DictPropertyInstance]] = None,
+        owner: type[_DictPropertyInstance] | None = None,
     ) -> "DictProperty": ...
 
     @overload
     def __get__(
         self,
         instance: _DictPropertyInstance,
-        owner: Optional[type[_DictPropertyInstance]] = None,
+        owner: type[_DictPropertyInstance] | None = None,
     ) -> T: ...
 
     def __get__(
         self,
-        instance: Optional[_DictPropertyInstance],
-        owner: Optional[type[_DictPropertyInstance]] = None,
-    ) -> Union[T, "DictProperty"]:
+        instance: _DictPropertyInstance | None,
+        owner: type[_DictPropertyInstance] | None = None,
+    ) -> T | "DictProperty":
         # if the property is accessed as a class property rather than an instance
         # property, return the property itself rather than the value
         if instance is None:
@@ -156,21 +155,21 @@ class DefaultDictProperty(DictProperty, Generic[T]):
     def __get__(
         self,
         instance: Literal[None],
-        owner: Optional[type[_DictPropertyInstance]] = None,
+        owner: type[_DictPropertyInstance] | None = None,
     ) -> "DefaultDictProperty": ...
 
     @overload
     def __get__(
         self,
         instance: _DictPropertyInstance,
-        owner: Optional[type[_DictPropertyInstance]] = None,
+        owner: type[_DictPropertyInstance] | None = None,
     ) -> T: ...
 
     def __get__(
         self,
-        instance: Optional[_DictPropertyInstance],
-        owner: Optional[type[_DictPropertyInstance]] = None,
-    ) -> Union[T, "DefaultDictProperty"]:
+        instance: _DictPropertyInstance | None,
+        owner: type[_DictPropertyInstance] | None = None,
+    ) -> T | "DefaultDictProperty":
         if instance is None:
             return self
         assert isinstance(instance, EventBase)
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ class EventBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         signatures: dict[str, dict[str, str]],
         unsigned: JsonDict,
         internal_metadata_dict: JsonDict,
-        rejected_reason: Optional[str],
+        rejected_reason: str | None,
     ):
         assert room_version.event_format == self.format_version
 
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ class EventBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     hashes: DictProperty[dict[str, str]] = DictProperty("hashes")
     origin_server_ts: DictProperty[int] = DictProperty("origin_server_ts")
     sender: DictProperty[str] = DictProperty("sender")
-    # TODO state_key should be Optional[str]. This is generally asserted in Synapse
+    # TODO state_key should be str | None. This is generally asserted in Synapse
     # by calling is_state() first (which ensures it is not None), but it is hard (not possible?)
     # to properly annotate that calling is_state() asserts that state_key exists
     # and is non-None. It would be better to replace such direct references with
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ class EventBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         return self.content["membership"]
 
     @property
-    def redacts(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def redacts(self) -> str | None:
         """MSC2176 moved the redacts field into the content."""
         if self.room_version.updated_redaction_rules:
             return self.content.get("redacts")
@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@ class EventBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     def is_state(self) -> bool:
         return self.get_state_key() is not None
 
-    def get_state_key(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_state_key(self) -> str | None:
         """Get the state key of this event, or None if it's not a state event"""
         return self._dict.get("state_key")
 
@@ -250,13 +249,13 @@ class EventBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
         return d
 
-    def get(self, key: str, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> Any:
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Any | None = None) -> Any:
         return self._dict.get(key, default)
 
     def get_internal_metadata_dict(self) -> JsonDict:
         return self.internal_metadata.get_dict()
 
-    def get_pdu_json(self, time_now: Optional[int] = None) -> JsonDict:
+    def get_pdu_json(self, time_now: int | None = None) -> JsonDict:
         pdu_json = self.get_dict()
 
         if time_now is not None and "age_ts" in pdu_json["unsigned"]:
@@ -283,13 +282,13 @@ class EventBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
         return template_json
 
-    def __getitem__(self, field: str) -> Optional[Any]:
+    def __getitem__(self, field: str) -> Any | None:
         return self._dict[field]
 
     def __contains__(self, field: str) -> bool:
         return field in self._dict
 
-    def items(self) -> list[tuple[str, Optional[Any]]]:
+    def items(self) -> list[tuple[str, Any | None]]:
         return list(self._dict.items())
 
     def keys(self) -> Iterable[str]:
@@ -348,8 +347,8 @@ class FrozenEvent(EventBase):
         self,
         event_dict: JsonDict,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
-        internal_metadata_dict: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
-        rejected_reason: Optional[str] = None,
+        internal_metadata_dict: JsonDict | None = None,
+        rejected_reason: str | None = None,
     ):
         internal_metadata_dict = internal_metadata_dict or {}
 
@@ -400,8 +399,8 @@ class FrozenEventV2(EventBase):
         self,
         event_dict: JsonDict,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
-        internal_metadata_dict: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
-        rejected_reason: Optional[str] = None,
+        internal_metadata_dict: JsonDict | None = None,
+        rejected_reason: str | None = None,
     ):
         internal_metadata_dict = internal_metadata_dict or {}
 
@@ -427,7 +426,7 @@ class FrozenEventV2(EventBase):
         else:
             frozen_dict = event_dict
 
-        self._event_id: Optional[str] = None
+        self._event_id: str | None = None
 
         super().__init__(
             frozen_dict,
@@ -502,8 +501,8 @@ class FrozenEventV4(FrozenEventV3):
         self,
         event_dict: JsonDict,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
-        internal_metadata_dict: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
-        rejected_reason: Optional[str] = None,
+        internal_metadata_dict: JsonDict | None = None,
+        rejected_reason: str | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__(
             event_dict=event_dict,
@@ -511,7 +510,7 @@ class FrozenEventV4(FrozenEventV3):
             internal_metadata_dict=internal_metadata_dict,
             rejected_reason=rejected_reason,
         )
-        self._room_id: Optional[str] = None
+        self._room_id: str | None = None
 
     @property
     def room_id(self) -> str:
@@ -554,7 +553,7 @@ class FrozenEventV4(FrozenEventV3):
 
 def _event_type_from_format_version(
     format_version: int,
-) -> type[Union[FrozenEvent, FrozenEventV2, FrozenEventV3]]:
+) -> type[FrozenEvent | FrozenEventV2 | FrozenEventV3]:
     """Returns the python type to use to construct an Event object for the
     given event format version.
 
@@ -580,8 +579,8 @@ def _event_type_from_format_version(
 def make_event_from_dict(
     event_dict: JsonDict,
     room_version: RoomVersion = RoomVersions.V1,
-    internal_metadata_dict: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
-    rejected_reason: Optional[str] = None,
+    internal_metadata_dict: JsonDict | None = None,
+    rejected_reason: str | None = None,
 ) -> EventBase:
     """Construct an EventBase from the given event dict"""
     event_type = _event_type_from_format_version(room_version.event_format)
@@ -598,10 +597,10 @@ class _EventRelation:
     rel_type: str
     # The aggregation key. Will be None if the rel_type is not m.annotation or is
     # not a string.
-    aggregation_key: Optional[str]
+    aggregation_key: str | None
 
 
-def relation_from_event(event: EventBase) -> Optional[_EventRelation]:
+def relation_from_event(event: EventBase) -> _EventRelation | None:
     """
     Attempt to parse relation information an event.
 

synapse/events/builder.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #
 #
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import attr
 from signedjson.types import SigningKey
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class EventBuilder:
     room_version: RoomVersion
 
     # MSC4291 makes the room ID == the create event ID. This means the create event has no room_id.
-    room_id: Optional[str]
+    room_id: str | None
     type: str
     sender: str
 
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ class EventBuilder:
 
     # These only exist on a subset of events, so they raise AttributeError if
     # someone tries to get them when they don't exist.
-    _state_key: Optional[str] = None
-    _redacts: Optional[str] = None
-    _origin_server_ts: Optional[int] = None
+    _state_key: str | None = None
+    _redacts: str | None = None
+    _origin_server_ts: int | None = None
 
     internal_metadata: EventInternalMetadata = attr.Factory(
         lambda: EventInternalMetadata({})
@@ -126,8 +126,8 @@ class EventBuilder:
     async def build(
         self,
         prev_event_ids: list[str],
-        auth_event_ids: Optional[list[str]],
-        depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        auth_event_ids: list[str] | None,
+        depth: int | None = None,
     ) -> EventBase:
         """Transform into a fully signed and hashed event
 
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ class EventBuilder:
 
         format_version = self.room_version.event_format
         # The types of auth/prev events changes between event versions.
-        prev_events: Union[StrCollection, list[tuple[str, dict[str, str]]]]
-        auth_events: Union[list[str], list[tuple[str, dict[str, str]]]]
+        prev_events: StrCollection | list[tuple[str, dict[str, str]]]
+        auth_events: list[str] | list[tuple[str, dict[str, str]]]
         if format_version == EventFormatVersions.ROOM_V1_V2:
             auth_events = await self._store.add_event_hashes(auth_event_ids)
             prev_events = await self._store.add_event_hashes(prev_event_ids)
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ def create_local_event_from_event_dict(
     signing_key: SigningKey,
     room_version: RoomVersion,
     event_dict: JsonDict,
-    internal_metadata_dict: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
+    internal_metadata_dict: JsonDict | None = None,
 ) -> EventBase:
     """Takes a fully formed event dict, ensuring that fields like
     `origin_server_ts` have correct values for a locally produced event,

synapse/events/presence_router.py

@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ from typing import (
     Awaitable,
     Callable,
     Iterable,
-    Optional,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
 )
 
 from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ GET_USERS_FOR_STATES_CALLBACK = Callable[
     [Iterable[UserPresenceState]], Awaitable[dict[str, set[UserPresenceState]]]
 ]
 # This must either return a set of strings or the constant PresenceRouter.ALL_USERS.
-GET_INTERESTED_USERS_CALLBACK = Callable[[str], Awaitable[Union[set[str], str]]]
+GET_INTERESTED_USERS_CALLBACK = Callable[[str], Awaitable[set[str] | str]]
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -77,8 +75,8 @@ def load_legacy_presence_router(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
     # All methods that the module provides should be async, but this wasn't enforced
     # in the old module system, so we wrap them if needed
     def async_wrapper(
-        f: Optional[Callable[P, R]],
-    ) -> Optional[Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]]:
+        f: Callable[P, R] | None,
+    ) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[R]] | None:
         # f might be None if the callback isn't implemented by the module. In this
         # case we don't want to register a callback at all so we return None.
         if f is None:
@@ -95,7 +93,7 @@ def load_legacy_presence_router(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
         return run
 
     # Register the hooks through the module API.
-    hooks: dict[str, Optional[Callable[..., Any]]] = {
+    hooks: dict[str, Callable[..., Any] | None] = {
         hook: async_wrapper(getattr(presence_router, hook, None))
         for hook in presence_router_methods
     }
@@ -118,8 +116,8 @@ class PresenceRouter:
 
     def register_presence_router_callbacks(
         self,
-        get_users_for_states: Optional[GET_USERS_FOR_STATES_CALLBACK] = None,
-        get_interested_users: Optional[GET_INTERESTED_USERS_CALLBACK] = None,
+        get_users_for_states: GET_USERS_FOR_STATES_CALLBACK | None = None,
+        get_interested_users: GET_INTERESTED_USERS_CALLBACK | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         # PresenceRouter modules are required to implement both of these methods
         # or neither of them as they are assumed to act in a complementary manner
@@ -191,7 +189,7 @@ class PresenceRouter:
 
         return users_for_states
 
-    async def get_interested_users(self, user_id: str) -> Union[set[str], str]:
+    async def get_interested_users(self, user_id: str) -> set[str] | str:
         """
         Retrieve a list of users that `user_id` is interested in receiving the
         presence of. This will be in addition to those they share a room with.

synapse/events/snapshot.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class UnpersistedEventContextBase(ABC):
 
     def __init__(self, storage_controller: "StorageControllers"):
         self._storage: "StorageControllers" = storage_controller
-        self.app_service: Optional[ApplicationService] = None
+        self.app_service: ApplicationService | None = None
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def persist(
@@ -134,20 +134,20 @@ class EventContext(UnpersistedEventContextBase):
 
     _storage: "StorageControllers"
     state_group_deltas: dict[tuple[int, int], StateMap[str]]
-    rejected: Optional[str] = None
-    _state_group: Optional[int] = None
-    state_group_before_event: Optional[int] = None
-    _state_delta_due_to_event: Optional[StateMap[str]] = None
-    app_service: Optional[ApplicationService] = None
+    rejected: str | None = None
+    _state_group: int | None = None
+    state_group_before_event: int | None = None
+    _state_delta_due_to_event: StateMap[str] | None = None
+    app_service: ApplicationService | None = None
 
     partial_state: bool = False
 
     @staticmethod
     def with_state(
         storage: "StorageControllers",
-        state_group: Optional[int],
-        state_group_before_event: Optional[int],
-        state_delta_due_to_event: Optional[StateMap[str]],
+        state_group: int | None,
+        state_group_before_event: int | None,
+        state_delta_due_to_event: StateMap[str] | None,
         partial_state: bool,
         state_group_deltas: dict[tuple[int, int], StateMap[str]],
     ) -> "EventContext":
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class EventContext(UnpersistedEventContextBase):
         return context
 
     @property
-    def state_group(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def state_group(self) -> int | None:
         """The ID of the state group for this event.
 
         Note that state events are persisted with a state group which includes the new
@@ -354,13 +354,13 @@ class UnpersistedEventContext(UnpersistedEventContextBase):
     """
 
     _storage: "StorageControllers"
-    state_group_before_event: Optional[int]
-    state_group_after_event: Optional[int]
-    state_delta_due_to_event: Optional[StateMap[str]]
-    prev_group_for_state_group_before_event: Optional[int]
-    delta_ids_to_state_group_before_event: Optional[StateMap[str]]
+    state_group_before_event: int | None
+    state_group_after_event: int | None
+    state_delta_due_to_event: StateMap[str] | None
+    prev_group_for_state_group_before_event: int | None
+    delta_ids_to_state_group_before_event: StateMap[str] | None
     partial_state: bool
-    state_map_before_event: Optional[StateMap[str]] = None
+    state_map_before_event: StateMap[str] | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     async def batch_persist_unpersisted_contexts(
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ class UnpersistedEventContext(UnpersistedEventContextBase):
 
 def _encode_state_group_delta(
     state_group_delta: dict[tuple[int, int], StateMap[str]],
-) -> list[tuple[int, int, Optional[list[tuple[str, str, str]]]]]:
+) -> list[tuple[int, int, list[tuple[str, str, str]] | None]]:
     if not state_group_delta:
         return []
 
@@ -538,8 +538,8 @@ def _decode_state_group_delta(
 
 
 def _encode_state_dict(
-    state_dict: Optional[StateMap[str]],
-) -> Optional[list[tuple[str, str, str]]]:
+    state_dict: StateMap[str] | None,
+) -> list[tuple[str, str, str]] | None:
     """Since dicts of (type, state_key) -> event_id cannot be serialized in
     JSON we need to convert them to a form that can.
     """
@@ -550,8 +550,8 @@ def _encode_state_dict(
 
 
 def _decode_state_dict(
-    input: Optional[list[tuple[str, str, str]]],
-) -> Optional[StateMap[str]]:
+    input: list[tuple[str, str, str]] | None,
+) -> StateMap[str] | None:
     """Decodes a state dict encoded using `_encode_state_dict` above"""
     if input is None:
         return None

synapse/events/utils.py

@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ from typing import (
     Mapping,
     Match,
     MutableMapping,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import attr
@@ -415,9 +413,9 @@ class SerializeEventConfig:
     event_format: Callable[[JsonDict], JsonDict] = format_event_for_client_v1
     # The entity that requested the event. This is used to determine whether to include
     # the transaction_id in the unsigned section of the event.
-    requester: Optional[Requester] = None
+    requester: Requester | None = None
     # List of event fields to include. If empty, all fields will be returned.
-    only_event_fields: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    only_event_fields: list[str] | None = None
     # Some events can have stripped room state stored in the `unsigned` field.
     # This is required for invite and knock functionality. If this option is
     # False, that state will be removed from the event before it is returned.
@@ -439,7 +437,7 @@ def make_config_for_admin(existing: SerializeEventConfig) -> SerializeEventConfi
 
 
 def serialize_event(
-    e: Union[JsonDict, EventBase],
+    e: JsonDict | EventBase,
     time_now_ms: int,
     *,
     config: SerializeEventConfig = _DEFAULT_SERIALIZE_EVENT_CONFIG,
@@ -480,7 +478,7 @@ def serialize_event(
     # If we have a txn_id saved in the internal_metadata, we should include it in the
     # unsigned section of the event if it was sent by the same session as the one
     # requesting the event.
-    txn_id: Optional[str] = getattr(e.internal_metadata, "txn_id", None)
+    txn_id: str | None = getattr(e.internal_metadata, "txn_id", None)
     if (
         txn_id is not None
         and config.requester is not None
@@ -490,7 +488,7 @@ def serialize_event(
         # this includes old events as well as those created by appservice, guests,
         # or with tokens minted with the admin API. For those events, fallback
         # to using the access token instead.
-        event_device_id: Optional[str] = getattr(e.internal_metadata, "device_id", None)
+        event_device_id: str | None = getattr(e.internal_metadata, "device_id", None)
         if event_device_id is not None:
             if event_device_id == config.requester.device_id:
                 d["unsigned"]["transaction_id"] = txn_id
@@ -504,9 +502,7 @@ def serialize_event(
             #
             # For guests and appservice users, we can't check the access token ID
             # so assume it is the same session.
-            event_token_id: Optional[int] = getattr(
-                e.internal_metadata, "token_id", None
-            )
+            event_token_id: int | None = getattr(e.internal_metadata, "token_id", None)
             if (
                 (
                     event_token_id is not None
@@ -577,11 +573,11 @@ class EventClientSerializer:
 
     async def serialize_event(
         self,
-        event: Union[JsonDict, EventBase],
+        event: JsonDict | EventBase,
         time_now: int,
         *,
         config: SerializeEventConfig = _DEFAULT_SERIALIZE_EVENT_CONFIG,
-        bundle_aggregations: Optional[dict[str, "BundledAggregations"]] = None,
+        bundle_aggregations: dict[str, "BundledAggregations"] | None = None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Serializes a single event.
 
@@ -712,11 +708,11 @@ class EventClientSerializer:
     @trace
     async def serialize_events(
         self,
-        events: Collection[Union[JsonDict, EventBase]],
+        events: Collection[JsonDict | EventBase],
         time_now: int,
         *,
         config: SerializeEventConfig = _DEFAULT_SERIALIZE_EVENT_CONFIG,
-        bundle_aggregations: Optional[dict[str, "BundledAggregations"]] = None,
+        bundle_aggregations: dict[str, "BundledAggregations"] | None = None,
     ) -> list[JsonDict]:
         """Serializes multiple events.
 
@@ -755,13 +751,13 @@ class EventClientSerializer:
         self._add_extra_fields_to_unsigned_client_event_callbacks.append(callback)
 
 
-_PowerLevel = Union[str, int]
-PowerLevelsContent = Mapping[str, Union[_PowerLevel, Mapping[str, _PowerLevel]]]
+_PowerLevel = str | int
+PowerLevelsContent = Mapping[str, _PowerLevel | Mapping[str, _PowerLevel]]
 
 
 def copy_and_fixup_power_levels_contents(
     old_power_levels: PowerLevelsContent,
-) -> dict[str, Union[int, dict[str, int]]]:
+) -> dict[str, int | dict[str, int]]:
     """Copy the content of a power_levels event, unfreezing immutabledicts along the way.
 
     We accept as input power level values which are strings, provided they represent an
@@ -777,7 +773,7 @@ def copy_and_fixup_power_levels_contents(
     if not isinstance(old_power_levels, collections.abc.Mapping):
         raise TypeError("Not a valid power-levels content: %r" % (old_power_levels,))
 
-    power_levels: dict[str, Union[int, dict[str, int]]] = {}
+    power_levels: dict[str, int | dict[str, int]] = {}
 
     for k, v in old_power_levels.items():
         if isinstance(v, collections.abc.Mapping):
@@ -901,7 +897,7 @@ def strip_event(event: EventBase) -> JsonDict:
     }
 
 
-def parse_stripped_state_event(raw_stripped_event: Any) -> Optional[StrippedStateEvent]:
+def parse_stripped_state_event(raw_stripped_event: Any) -> StrippedStateEvent | None:
     """
     Given a raw value from an event's `unsigned` field, attempt to parse it into a
     `StrippedStateEvent`.

synapse/events/validator.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #
 #
 import collections.abc
-from typing import Union, cast
+from typing import cast
 
 import jsonschema
 from pydantic import Field, StrictBool, StrictStr
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class EventValidator:
                 errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON,
             )
 
-    def validate_builder(self, event: Union[EventBase, EventBuilder]) -> None:
+    def validate_builder(self, event: EventBase | EventBuilder) -> None:
         """Validates that the builder/event has roughly the right format. Only
         checks values that we expect a proto event to have, rather than all the
         fields an event would have
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class EventValidator:
             if not isinstance(d[s], str):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "'%s' not a string type" % (s,))
 
-    def _ensure_state_event(self, event: Union[EventBase, EventBuilder]) -> None:
+    def _ensure_state_event(self, event: EventBase | EventBuilder) -> None:
         if not event.is_state():
             raise SynapseError(400, "'%s' must be state events" % (event.type,))
 

synapse/federation/federation_base.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 #
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable, Callable, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable, Callable, Sequence
 
 from synapse.api.constants import MAX_DEPTH, EventContentFields, EventTypes, Membership
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class FederationBase:
 
         # We need to define this lazily otherwise we get a cyclic dependency.
         # self._policy_handler = hs.get_room_policy_handler()
-        self._policy_handler: Optional[RoomPolicyHandler] = None
+        self._policy_handler: RoomPolicyHandler | None = None
 
     def _lazily_get_policy_handler(self) -> RoomPolicyHandler:
         """Lazily get the room policy handler.
@@ -88,9 +88,8 @@ class FederationBase:
         self,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
         pdu: EventBase,
-        record_failure_callback: Optional[
-            Callable[[EventBase, str], Awaitable[None]]
-        ] = None,
+        record_failure_callback: Callable[[EventBase, str], Awaitable[None]]
+        | None = None,
     ) -> EventBase:
         """Checks that event is correctly signed by the sending server.
 

synapse/federation/federation_client.py

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ from typing import (
     Optional,
     Sequence,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import attr
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         user: UserID,
         destination: str,
         query: dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, int]]],
-        timeout: Optional[int],
+        timeout: int | None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Claims one-time keys for a device hosted on a remote server.
 
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
     @tag_args
     async def backfill(
         self, dest: str, room_id: str, limit: int, extremities: Collection[str]
-    ) -> Optional[list[EventBase]]:
+    ) -> list[EventBase] | None:
         """Requests some more historic PDUs for the given room from the
         given destination server.
 
@@ -381,8 +380,8 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         destination: str,
         event_id: str,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
-        timeout: Optional[int] = None,
-    ) -> Optional[EventBase]:
+        timeout: int | None = None,
+    ) -> EventBase | None:
         """Requests the PDU with given origin and ID from the remote home
         server. Does not have any caching or rate limiting!
 
@@ -441,7 +440,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
     @trace
     @tag_args
     async def get_pdu_policy_recommendation(
-        self, destination: str, pdu: EventBase, timeout: Optional[int] = None
+        self, destination: str, pdu: EventBase, timeout: int | None = None
     ) -> str:
         """Requests that the destination server (typically a policy server)
         check the event and return its recommendation on how to handle the
@@ -497,8 +496,8 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
     @trace
     @tag_args
     async def ask_policy_server_to_sign_event(
-        self, destination: str, pdu: EventBase, timeout: Optional[int] = None
-    ) -> Optional[JsonDict]:
+        self, destination: str, pdu: EventBase, timeout: int | None = None
+    ) -> JsonDict | None:
         """Requests that the destination server (typically a policy server)
         sign the event as not spam.
 
@@ -538,8 +537,8 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         destinations: Collection[str],
         event_id: str,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
-        timeout: Optional[int] = None,
-    ) -> Optional[PulledPduInfo]:
+        timeout: int | None = None,
+    ) -> PulledPduInfo | None:
         """Requests the PDU with given origin and ID from the remote home
         servers.
 
@@ -832,10 +831,9 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         pdu: EventBase,
         origin: str,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
-        record_failure_callback: Optional[
-            Callable[[EventBase, str], Awaitable[None]]
-        ] = None,
-    ) -> Optional[EventBase]:
+        record_failure_callback: Callable[[EventBase, str], Awaitable[None]]
+        | None = None,
+    ) -> EventBase | None:
         """Takes a PDU and checks its signatures and hashes.
 
         If the PDU fails its signature check then we check if we have it in the
@@ -931,7 +929,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         description: str,
         destinations: Iterable[str],
         callback: Callable[[str], Awaitable[T]],
-        failover_errcodes: Optional[Container[str]] = None,
+        failover_errcodes: Container[str] | None = None,
         failover_on_unknown_endpoint: bool = False,
     ) -> T:
         """Try an operation on a series of servers, until it succeeds
@@ -1046,7 +1044,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         user_id: str,
         membership: str,
         content: dict,
-        params: Optional[Mapping[str, Union[str, Iterable[str]]]],
+        params: Mapping[str, str | Iterable[str]] | None,
     ) -> tuple[str, EventBase, RoomVersion]:
         """
         Creates an m.room.member event, with context, without participating in the room.
@@ -1563,11 +1561,11 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
     async def get_public_rooms(
         self,
         remote_server: str,
-        limit: Optional[int] = None,
-        since_token: Optional[str] = None,
-        search_filter: Optional[dict] = None,
+        limit: int | None = None,
+        since_token: str | None = None,
+        search_filter: dict | None = None,
         include_all_networks: bool = False,
-        third_party_instance_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        third_party_instance_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Get the list of public rooms from a remote homeserver
 
@@ -1676,7 +1674,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
     async def get_room_complexity(
         self, destination: str, room_id: str
-    ) -> Optional[JsonDict]:
+    ) -> JsonDict | None:
         """
         Fetch the complexity of a remote room from another server.
 
@@ -1987,10 +1985,10 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         max_timeout_ms: int,
         download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
         ip_address: str,
-    ) -> Union[
-        tuple[int, dict[bytes, list[bytes]], bytes],
-        tuple[int, dict[bytes, list[bytes]]],
-    ]:
+    ) -> (
+        tuple[int, dict[bytes, list[bytes]], bytes]
+        | tuple[int, dict[bytes, list[bytes]]]
+    ):
         try:
             return await self.transport_layer.federation_download_media(
                 destination,

synapse/federation/federation_server.py

@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     Collection,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
 )
 
 from prometheus_client import Counter, Gauge, Histogram
@@ -176,13 +174,11 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         # We cache responses to state queries, as they take a while and often
         # come in waves.
-        self._state_resp_cache: ResponseCache[tuple[str, Optional[str]]] = (
-            ResponseCache(
-                clock=hs.get_clock(),
-                name="state_resp",
-                server_name=self.server_name,
-                timeout_ms=30000,
-            )
+        self._state_resp_cache: ResponseCache[tuple[str, str | None]] = ResponseCache(
+            clock=hs.get_clock(),
+            name="state_resp",
+            server_name=self.server_name,
+            timeout_ms=30000,
         )
         self._state_ids_resp_cache: ResponseCache[tuple[str, str]] = ResponseCache(
             clock=hs.get_clock(),
@@ -666,7 +662,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
     async def on_pdu_request(
         self, origin: str, event_id: str
-    ) -> tuple[int, Union[JsonDict, str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[int, JsonDict | str]:
         pdu = await self.handler.get_persisted_pdu(origin, event_id)
 
         if pdu:
@@ -763,7 +759,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids()
 
         state_event_ids: Collection[str]
-        servers_in_room: Optional[Collection[str]]
+        servers_in_room: Collection[str] | None
         if caller_supports_partial_state:
             summary = await self.store.get_room_summary(room_id)
             state_event_ids = _get_event_ids_for_partial_state_join(
@@ -1126,7 +1122,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         return {"events": serialize_and_filter_pdus(missing_events, time_now)}
 
-    async def on_openid_userinfo(self, token: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    async def on_openid_userinfo(self, token: str) -> str | None:
         ts_now_ms = self._clock.time_msec()
         return await self.store.get_user_id_for_open_id_token(token, ts_now_ms)
 
@@ -1205,7 +1201,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
     async def _get_next_nonspam_staged_event_for_room(
         self, room_id: str, room_version: RoomVersion
-    ) -> Optional[tuple[str, EventBase]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, EventBase] | None:
         """Fetch the first non-spam event from staging queue.
 
         Args:
@@ -1246,8 +1242,8 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         room_id: str,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
         lock: Lock,
-        latest_origin: Optional[str] = None,
-        latest_event: Optional[EventBase] = None,
+        latest_origin: str | None = None,
+        latest_event: EventBase | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Process events in the staging area for the given room.
 

synapse/federation/persistence.py

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ These actions are mostly only used by the :py:mod:`.replication` module.
 """
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional
 
 from synapse.federation.units import Transaction
 from synapse.storage.databases.main import DataStore
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ class TransactionActions:
 
     async def have_responded(
         self, origin: str, transaction: Transaction
-    ) -> Optional[tuple[int, JsonDict]]:
+    ) -> tuple[int, JsonDict] | None:
         """Have we already responded to a transaction with the same id and
         origin?
 

synapse/federation/send_queue.py

@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Hashable,
     Iterable,
-    Optional,
     Sized,
 )
 
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ class FederationRemoteSendQueue(AbstractFederationSender):
         destination: str,
         edu_type: str,
         content: JsonDict,
-        key: Optional[Hashable] = None,
+        key: Hashable | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """As per FederationSender"""
         if self.is_mine_server_name(destination):

synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py

@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ from typing import (
     Hashable,
     Iterable,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
 )
 
 import attr
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ class AbstractFederationSender(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         destination: str,
         edu_type: str,
         content: JsonDict,
-        key: Optional[Hashable] = None,
+        key: Hashable | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Construct an Edu object, and queue it for sending
 
@@ -410,7 +409,7 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
         self.is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
         self.is_mine_server_name = hs.is_mine_server_name
 
-        self._presence_router: Optional["PresenceRouter"] = None
+        self._presence_router: "PresenceRouter" | None = None
         self._transaction_manager = TransactionManager(hs)
 
         self._instance_name = hs.get_instance_name()
@@ -481,7 +480,7 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
 
     def _get_per_destination_queue(
         self, destination: str
-    ) -> Optional[PerDestinationQueue]:
+    ) -> PerDestinationQueue | None:
         """Get or create a PerDestinationQueue for the given destination
 
         Args:
@@ -605,7 +604,7 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
                         )
                         return
 
-                    destinations: Optional[Collection[str]] = None
+                    destinations: Collection[str] | None = None
                     if not event.prev_event_ids():
                         # If there are no prev event IDs then the state is empty
                         # and so no remote servers in the room
@@ -1010,7 +1009,7 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
         destination: str,
         edu_type: str,
         content: JsonDict,
-        key: Optional[Hashable] = None,
+        key: Hashable | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Construct an Edu object, and queue it for sending
 
@@ -1038,7 +1037,7 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
 
         self.send_edu(edu, key)
 
-    def send_edu(self, edu: Edu, key: Optional[Hashable]) -> None:
+    def send_edu(self, edu: Edu, key: Hashable | None) -> None:
         """Queue an EDU for sending
 
         Args:
@@ -1134,7 +1133,7 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
         In order to reduce load spikes, adds a delay between each destination.
         """
 
-        last_processed: Optional[str] = None
+        last_processed: str | None = None
 
         while not self._is_shutdown:
             destinations_to_wake = (

synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import datetime
 import logging
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Hashable, Iterable, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Hashable, Iterable
 
 import attr
 from prometheus_client import Counter
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
         self._destination = destination
         self.transmission_loop_running = False
         self._transmission_loop_enabled = True
-        self.active_transmission_loop: Optional[defer.Deferred] = None
+        self.active_transmission_loop: defer.Deferred | None = None
 
         # Flag to signal to any running transmission loop that there is new data
         # queued up to be sent.
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
 
         # Cache of the last successfully-transmitted stream ordering for this
         # destination (we are the only updater so this is safe)
-        self._last_successful_stream_ordering: Optional[int] = None
+        self._last_successful_stream_ordering: int | None = None
 
         # a queue of pending PDUs
         self._pending_pdus: list[EventBase] = []
@@ -742,9 +742,9 @@ class _TransactionQueueManager:
 
     queue: PerDestinationQueue
 
-    _device_stream_id: Optional[int] = None
-    _device_list_id: Optional[int] = None
-    _last_stream_ordering: Optional[int] = None
+    _device_stream_id: int | None = None
+    _device_list_id: int | None = None
+    _last_stream_ordering: int | None = None
     _pdus: list[EventBase] = attr.Factory(list)
 
     async def __aenter__(self) -> tuple[list[EventBase], list[Edu]]:
@@ -845,9 +845,9 @@ class _TransactionQueueManager:
 
     async def __aexit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]],
-        exc: Optional[BaseException],
-        tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
         if exc_type is not None:
             # Failed to send transaction, so we bail out.

synapse/federation/transport/client.py

@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ from typing import (
     Generator,
     Iterable,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import attr
@@ -122,7 +120,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
         )
 
     async def get_event(
-        self, destination: str, event_id: str, timeout: Optional[int] = None
+        self, destination: str, event_id: str, timeout: int | None = None
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Requests the pdu with give id and origin from the given server.
 
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
         )
 
     async def get_policy_recommendation_for_pdu(
-        self, destination: str, event: EventBase, timeout: Optional[int] = None
+        self, destination: str, event: EventBase, timeout: int | None = None
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Requests the policy recommendation for the given pdu from the given policy server.
 
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
         )
 
     async def ask_policy_server_to_sign_event(
-        self, destination: str, event: EventBase, timeout: Optional[int] = None
+        self, destination: str, event: EventBase, timeout: int | None = None
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Requests that the destination server (typically a policy server)
         sign the event as not spam.
@@ -198,7 +196,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
 
     async def backfill(
         self, destination: str, room_id: str, event_tuples: Collection[str], limit: int
-    ) -> Optional[Union[JsonDict, list]]:
+    ) -> JsonDict | list | None:
         """Requests `limit` previous PDUs in a given context before list of
         PDUs.
 
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
 
     async def timestamp_to_event(
         self, destination: str, room_id: str, timestamp: int, direction: Direction
-    ) -> Union[JsonDict, list]:
+    ) -> JsonDict | list:
         """
         Calls a remote federating server at `destination` asking for their
         closest event to the given timestamp in the given direction.
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
     async def send_transaction(
         self,
         transaction: Transaction,
-        json_data_callback: Optional[Callable[[], JsonDict]] = None,
+        json_data_callback: Callable[[], JsonDict] | None = None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Sends the given Transaction to its destination
 
@@ -343,7 +341,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
         room_id: str,
         user_id: str,
         membership: str,
-        params: Optional[Mapping[str, Union[str, Iterable[str]]]],
+        params: Mapping[str, str | Iterable[str]] | None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Asks a remote server to build and sign us a membership event
 
@@ -528,11 +526,11 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
     async def get_public_rooms(
         self,
         remote_server: str,
-        limit: Optional[int] = None,
-        since_token: Optional[str] = None,
-        search_filter: Optional[dict] = None,
+        limit: int | None = None,
+        since_token: str | None = None,
+        search_filter: dict | None = None,
         include_all_networks: bool = False,
-        third_party_instance_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        third_party_instance_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Get the list of public rooms from a remote homeserver
 
@@ -567,7 +565,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
                     )
                 raise
         else:
-            args: dict[str, Union[str, Iterable[str]]] = {
+            args: dict[str, str | Iterable[str]] = {
                 "include_all_networks": "true" if include_all_networks else "false"
             }
             if third_party_instance_id:
@@ -694,7 +692,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
         user: UserID,
         destination: str,
         query_content: JsonDict,
-        timeout: Optional[int],
+        timeout: int | None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Claim one-time keys for a list of devices hosted on a remote server.
 
@@ -740,7 +738,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
         user: UserID,
         destination: str,
         query_content: JsonDict,
-        timeout: Optional[int],
+        timeout: int | None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Claim one-time keys for a list of devices hosted on a remote server.
 
@@ -997,13 +995,13 @@ class SendJoinResponse:
     event_dict: JsonDict
     # The parsed join event from the /send_join response. This will be None if
     # "event" is not included in the response.
-    event: Optional[EventBase] = None
+    event: EventBase | None = None
 
     # The room state is incomplete
     members_omitted: bool = False
 
     # List of servers in the room
-    servers_in_room: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    servers_in_room: list[str] | None = None
 
 
 @attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)

synapse/federation/transport/server/__init__.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #
 #
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, Literal, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, Literal
 
 from synapse.api.errors import FederationDeniedError, SynapseError
 from synapse.federation.transport.server._base import (
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 class TransportLayerServer(JsonResource):
     """Handles incoming federation HTTP requests"""
 
-    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer", servlet_groups: Optional[list[str]] = None):
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer", servlet_groups: list[str] | None = None):
         """Initialize the TransportLayerServer
 
         Will by default register all servlets. For custom behaviour, pass in
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class PublicRoomList(BaseFederationServlet):
         if not self.allow_access:
             raise FederationDeniedError(origin)
 
-        limit: Optional[int] = parse_integer_from_args(query, "limit", 0)
+        limit: int | None = parse_integer_from_args(query, "limit", 0)
         since_token = parse_string_from_args(query, "since", None)
         include_all_networks = parse_boolean_from_args(
             query, "include_all_networks", default=False
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class PublicRoomList(BaseFederationServlet):
         if not self.allow_access:
             raise FederationDeniedError(origin)
 
-        limit: Optional[int] = int(content.get("limit", 100))
+        limit: int | None = int(content.get("limit", 100))
         since_token = content.get("since", None)
         search_filter = content.get("filter", None)
 
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ class OpenIdUserInfo(BaseFederationServlet):
 
     async def on_GET(
         self,
-        origin: Optional[str],
+        origin: str | None,
         content: Literal[None],
         query: dict[bytes, list[bytes]],
     ) -> tuple[int, JsonDict]:
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ def register_servlets(
     resource: HttpServer,
     authenticator: Authenticator,
     ratelimiter: FederationRateLimiter,
-    servlet_groups: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    servlet_groups: Iterable[str] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Initialize and register servlet classes.
 

synapse/federation/transport/server/_base.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import logging
 import re
 import time
 from http import HTTPStatus
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Awaitable, Callable, Optional, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Awaitable, Callable, cast
 
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, FederationDeniedError, SynapseError
 from synapse.api.urls import FEDERATION_V1_PREFIX
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Authenticator:
 
     # A method just so we can pass 'self' as the authenticator to the Servlets
     async def authenticate_request(
-        self, request: SynapseRequest, content: Optional[JsonDict]
+        self, request: SynapseRequest, content: JsonDict | None
     ) -> str:
         now = self._clock.time_msec()
         json_request: JsonDict = {
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class Authenticator:
             logger.exception("Error resetting retry timings on %s", origin)
 
 
-def _parse_auth_header(header_bytes: bytes) -> tuple[str, str, str, Optional[str]]:
+def _parse_auth_header(header_bytes: bytes) -> tuple[str, str, str, str | None]:
     """Parse an X-Matrix auth header
 
     Args:
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class BaseFederationServlet:
                 components as specified in the path match regexp.
 
         Returns:
-            Optional[tuple[int, object]]: either (response code, response object) to
+            tuple[int, object] | None: either (response code, response object) to
                  return a JSON response, or None if the request has already been handled.
 
         Raises:
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class BaseFederationServlet:
         @functools.wraps(func)
         async def new_func(
             request: SynapseRequest, *args: Any, **kwargs: str
-        ) -> Optional[tuple[int, Any]]:
+        ) -> tuple[int, Any] | None:
             """A callback which can be passed to HttpServer.RegisterPaths
 
             Args:
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class BaseFederationServlet:
 
             try:
                 with start_active_span("authenticate_request"):
-                    origin: Optional[str] = await authenticator.authenticate_request(
+                    origin: str | None = await authenticator.authenticate_request(
                         request, content
                     )
             except NoAuthenticationError:

synapse/federation/transport/server/federation.py

@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Literal,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
-    Union,
 )
 
 from synapse.api.constants import Direction, EduTypes
@@ -156,7 +154,7 @@ class FederationEventServlet(BaseFederationServerServlet):
         content: Literal[None],
         query: dict[bytes, list[bytes]],
         event_id: str,
-    ) -> tuple[int, Union[JsonDict, str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[int, JsonDict | str]:
         return await self.handler.on_pdu_request(origin, event_id)
 
 
@@ -642,7 +640,7 @@ class On3pidBindServlet(BaseFederationServerServlet):
     REQUIRE_AUTH = False
 
     async def on_POST(
-        self, origin: Optional[str], content: JsonDict, query: dict[bytes, list[bytes]]
+        self, origin: str | None, content: JsonDict, query: dict[bytes, list[bytes]]
     ) -> tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         if "invites" in content:
             last_exception = None
@@ -676,7 +674,7 @@ class FederationVersionServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 
     async def on_GET(
         self,
-        origin: Optional[str],
+        origin: str | None,
         content: Literal[None],
         query: dict[bytes, list[bytes]],
     ) -> tuple[int, JsonDict]:
@@ -812,7 +810,7 @@ class FederationMediaDownloadServlet(BaseFederationServerServlet):
 
     async def on_GET(
         self,
-        origin: Optional[str],
+        origin: str | None,
         content: Literal[None],
         request: SynapseRequest,
         media_id: str,
@@ -852,7 +850,7 @@ class FederationMediaThumbnailServlet(BaseFederationServerServlet):
 
     async def on_GET(
         self,
-        origin: Optional[str],
+        origin: str | None,
         content: Literal[None],
         request: SynapseRequest,
         media_id: str,

synapse/federation/units.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ server protocol.
 """
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Sequence
+from typing import Sequence
 
 import attr
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class Edu:
         getattr(self, "content", {})["org.matrix.opentracing_context"] = "{}"
 
 
-def _none_to_list(edus: Optional[list[JsonDict]]) -> list[JsonDict]:
+def _none_to_list(edus: list[JsonDict] | None) -> list[JsonDict]:
     if edus is None:
         return []
     return edus
@@ -128,6 +128,6 @@ def filter_pdus_for_valid_depth(pdus: Sequence[JsonDict]) -> list[JsonDict]:
 
 
 def serialize_and_filter_pdus(
-    pdus: Sequence[EventBase], time_now: Optional[int] = None
+    pdus: Sequence[EventBase], time_now: int | None = None
 ) -> list[JsonDict]:
     return filter_pdus_for_valid_depth([pdu.get_pdu_json(time_now) for pdu in pdus])

synapse/handlers/account_data.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #
 import logging
 import random
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable, Callable, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable, Callable
 
 from synapse.api.constants import AccountDataTypes
 from synapse.replication.http.account_data import (
@@ -40,9 +40,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-ON_ACCOUNT_DATA_UPDATED_CALLBACK = Callable[
-    [str, Optional[str], str, JsonDict], Awaitable
-]
+ON_ACCOUNT_DATA_UPDATED_CALLBACK = Callable[[str, str | None, str, JsonDict], Awaitable]
 
 
 class AccountDataHandler:
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ class AccountDataHandler:
         ] = []
 
     def register_module_callbacks(
-        self, on_account_data_updated: Optional[ON_ACCOUNT_DATA_UPDATED_CALLBACK] = None
+        self, on_account_data_updated: ON_ACCOUNT_DATA_UPDATED_CALLBACK | None = None
     ) -> None:
         """Register callbacks from modules."""
         if on_account_data_updated is not None:
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ class AccountDataHandler:
     async def _notify_modules(
         self,
         user_id: str,
-        room_id: Optional[str],
+        room_id: str | None,
         account_data_type: str,
         content: JsonDict,
     ) -> None:
@@ -143,7 +141,7 @@ class AccountDataHandler:
 
     async def remove_account_data_for_room(
         self, user_id: str, room_id: str, account_data_type: str
-    ) -> Optional[int]:
+    ) -> int | None:
         """
         Deletes the room account data for the given user and account data type.
 
@@ -219,7 +217,7 @@ class AccountDataHandler:
 
     async def remove_account_data_for_user(
         self, user_id: str, account_data_type: str
-    ) -> Optional[int]:
+    ) -> int | None:
         """Removes a piece of global account_data for a user.
 
         Args:
@@ -324,7 +322,7 @@ class AccountDataEventSource(EventSource[int, JsonDict]):
         limit: int,
         room_ids: StrCollection,
         is_guest: bool,
-        explicit_room_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        explicit_room_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> tuple[list[JsonDict], int]:
         user_id = user.to_string()
         last_stream_id = from_key

synapse/handlers/account_validity.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 import email.mime.multipart
 import email.utils
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, StoreError, SynapseError
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import wrap_as_background_process
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ class AccountValidityHandler:
     async def on_user_login(
         self,
         user_id: str,
-        auth_provider_type: Optional[str],
-        auth_provider_id: Optional[str],
+        auth_provider_type: str | None,
+        auth_provider_id: str | None,
     ) -> None:
         """Tell third-party modules about a user logins.
 
@@ -326,9 +326,9 @@ class AccountValidityHandler:
     async def renew_account_for_user(
         self,
         user_id: str,
-        expiration_ts: Optional[int] = None,
+        expiration_ts: int | None = None,
         email_sent: bool = False,
-        renewal_token: Optional[str] = None,
+        renewal_token: str | None = None,
     ) -> int:
         """Renews the account attached to a given user by pushing back the
         expiration date by the current validity period in the server's

synapse/handlers/admin.py

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
 )
 
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ class AdminHandler:
 
         self.hs = hs
 
-    async def get_redact_task(self, redact_id: str) -> Optional[ScheduledTask]:
+    async def get_redact_task(self, redact_id: str) -> ScheduledTask | None:
         """Get the current status of an active redaction process
 
         Args:
@@ -99,11 +98,9 @@ class AdminHandler:
 
         return ret
 
-    async def get_user(self, user: UserID) -> Optional[JsonMapping]:
+    async def get_user(self, user: UserID) -> JsonMapping | None:
         """Function to get user details"""
-        user_info: Optional[UserInfo] = await self._store.get_user_by_id(
-            user.to_string()
-        )
+        user_info: UserInfo | None = await self._store.get_user_by_id(user.to_string())
         if user_info is None:
             return None
 
@@ -355,8 +352,8 @@ class AdminHandler:
         rooms: list,
         requester: JsonMapping,
         use_admin: bool,
-        reason: Optional[str],
-        limit: Optional[int],
+        reason: str | None,
+        limit: int | None,
     ) -> str:
         """
         Start a task redacting the events of the given user in the given rooms
@@ -408,7 +405,7 @@ class AdminHandler:
 
     async def _redact_all_events(
         self, task: ScheduledTask
-    ) -> tuple[TaskStatus, Optional[Mapping[str, Any]], Optional[str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[TaskStatus, Mapping[str, Any] | None, str | None]:
         """
         Task to redact all of a users events in the given rooms, tracking which, if any, events
         whose redaction failed

synapse/handlers/appservice.py

@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ from typing import (
     Collection,
     Iterable,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
 )
 
 from prometheus_client import Counter
@@ -240,8 +238,8 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
     def notify_interested_services_ephemeral(
         self,
         stream_key: StreamKeyType,
-        new_token: Union[int, RoomStreamToken, MultiWriterStreamToken],
-        users: Collection[Union[str, UserID]],
+        new_token: int | RoomStreamToken | MultiWriterStreamToken,
+        users: Collection[str | UserID],
     ) -> None:
         """
         This is called by the notifier in the background when an ephemeral event is handled
@@ -340,8 +338,8 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
         self,
         services: list[ApplicationService],
         stream_key: StreamKeyType,
-        new_token: Union[int, MultiWriterStreamToken],
-        users: Collection[Union[str, UserID]],
+        new_token: int | MultiWriterStreamToken,
+        users: Collection[str | UserID],
     ) -> None:
         logger.debug("Checking interested services for %s", stream_key)
         with Measure(
@@ -498,8 +496,8 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
     async def _handle_presence(
         self,
         service: ApplicationService,
-        users: Collection[Union[str, UserID]],
-        new_token: Optional[int],
+        users: Collection[str | UserID],
+        new_token: int | None,
     ) -> list[JsonMapping]:
         """
         Return the latest presence updates that the given application service should receive.
@@ -559,7 +557,7 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
         self,
         service: ApplicationService,
         new_token: int,
-        users: Collection[Union[str, UserID]],
+        users: Collection[str | UserID],
     ) -> list[JsonDict]:
         """
         Given an application service, determine which events it should receive
@@ -733,7 +731,7 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
 
     async def query_room_alias_exists(
         self, room_alias: RoomAlias
-    ) -> Optional[RoomAliasMapping]:
+    ) -> RoomAliasMapping | None:
         """Check if an application service knows this room alias exists.
 
         Args:
@@ -782,7 +780,7 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
         return ret
 
     async def get_3pe_protocols(
-        self, only_protocol: Optional[str] = None
+        self, only_protocol: str | None = None
     ) -> dict[str, JsonDict]:
         services = self.store.get_app_services()
         protocols: dict[str, list[JsonDict]] = {}
@@ -935,7 +933,7 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
         return claimed_keys, missing
 
     async def query_keys(
-        self, query: Mapping[str, Optional[list[str]]]
+        self, query: Mapping[str, list[str] | None]
     ) -> dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, JsonDict]]]:
         """Query application services for device keys.
 

synapse/handlers/auth.py

@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     Iterable,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
     cast,
 )
 
@@ -289,7 +287,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
         request_body: dict[str, Any],
         description: str,
         can_skip_ui_auth: bool = False,
-    ) -> tuple[dict, Optional[str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[dict, str | None]:
         """
         Checks that the user is who they claim to be, via a UI auth.
 
@@ -440,7 +438,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
         request: SynapseRequest,
         clientdict: dict[str, Any],
         description: str,
-        get_new_session_data: Optional[Callable[[], JsonDict]] = None,
+        get_new_session_data: Callable[[], JsonDict] | None = None,
     ) -> tuple[dict, dict, str]:
         """
         Takes a dictionary sent by the client in the login / registration
@@ -487,7 +485,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
                 all the stages in any of the permitted flows.
         """
 
-        sid: Optional[str] = None
+        sid: str | None = None
         authdict = clientdict.pop("auth", {})
         if "session" in authdict:
             sid = authdict["session"]
@@ -637,7 +635,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
             authdict["session"], stagetype, result
         )
 
-    def get_session_id(self, clientdict: dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_session_id(self, clientdict: dict[str, Any]) -> str | None:
         """
         Gets the session ID for a client given the client dictionary
 
@@ -673,7 +671,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Unknown session ID: %s" % (session_id,))
 
     async def get_session_data(
-        self, session_id: str, key: str, default: Optional[Any] = None
+        self, session_id: str, key: str, default: Any | None = None
     ) -> Any:
         """
         Retrieve data stored with set_session_data
@@ -699,7 +697,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
 
     async def _check_auth_dict(
         self, authdict: dict[str, Any], clientip: str
-    ) -> Union[dict[str, Any], str]:
+    ) -> dict[str, Any] | str:
         """Attempt to validate the auth dict provided by a client
 
         Args:
@@ -774,9 +772,9 @@ class AuthHandler:
     async def refresh_token(
         self,
         refresh_token: str,
-        access_token_valid_until_ms: Optional[int],
-        refresh_token_valid_until_ms: Optional[int],
-    ) -> tuple[str, str, Optional[int]]:
+        access_token_valid_until_ms: int | None,
+        refresh_token_valid_until_ms: int | None,
+    ) -> tuple[str, str, int | None]:
         """
         Consumes a refresh token and generate both a new access token and a new refresh token from it.
 
@@ -909,8 +907,8 @@ class AuthHandler:
         self,
         user_id: str,
         duration_ms: int = (2 * 60 * 1000),
-        auth_provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
-        auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        auth_provider_id: str | None = None,
+        auth_provider_session_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         login_token = self.generate_login_token()
         now = self._clock.time_msec()
@@ -928,8 +926,8 @@ class AuthHandler:
         self,
         user_id: str,
         device_id: str,
-        expiry_ts: Optional[int],
-        ultimate_session_expiry_ts: Optional[int],
+        expiry_ts: int | None,
+        ultimate_session_expiry_ts: int | None,
     ) -> tuple[str, int]:
         """
         Creates a new refresh token for the user with the given user ID.
@@ -961,11 +959,11 @@ class AuthHandler:
     async def create_access_token_for_user_id(
         self,
         user_id: str,
-        device_id: Optional[str],
-        valid_until_ms: Optional[int],
-        puppets_user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        valid_until_ms: int | None,
+        puppets_user_id: str | None = None,
         is_appservice_ghost: bool = False,
-        refresh_token_id: Optional[int] = None,
+        refresh_token_id: int | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """
         Creates a new access token for the user with the given user ID.
@@ -1034,7 +1032,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
 
         return access_token
 
-    async def check_user_exists(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    async def check_user_exists(self, user_id: str) -> str | None:
         """
         Checks to see if a user with the given id exists. Will check case
         insensitively, but return None if there are multiple inexact matches.
@@ -1061,9 +1059,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
         """
         return await self.store.is_user_approved(user_id)
 
-    async def _find_user_id_and_pwd_hash(
-        self, user_id: str
-    ) -> Optional[tuple[str, str]]:
+    async def _find_user_id_and_pwd_hash(self, user_id: str) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
         """Checks to see if a user with the given id exists. Will check case
         insensitively, but will return None if there are multiple inexact
         matches.
@@ -1141,7 +1137,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
         login_submission: dict[str, Any],
         ratelimit: bool = False,
         is_reauth: bool = False,
-    ) -> tuple[str, Optional[Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None]:
         """Authenticates the user for the /login API
 
         Also used by the user-interactive auth flow to validate auth types which don't
@@ -1297,7 +1293,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
         self,
         username: str,
         login_submission: dict[str, Any],
-    ) -> tuple[str, Optional[Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None]:
         """Helper for validate_login
 
         Handles login, once we've mapped 3pids onto userids
@@ -1386,7 +1382,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
 
     async def check_password_provider_3pid(
         self, medium: str, address: str, password: str
-    ) -> tuple[Optional[str], Optional[Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str | None, Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None]:
         """Check if a password provider is able to validate a thirdparty login
 
         Args:
@@ -1413,7 +1409,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
         # if result is None then return (None, None)
         return None, None
 
-    async def _check_local_password(self, user_id: str, password: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    async def _check_local_password(self, user_id: str, password: str) -> str | None:
         """Authenticate a user against the local password database.
 
         user_id is checked case insensitively, but will return None if there are
@@ -1528,8 +1524,8 @@ class AuthHandler:
     async def delete_access_tokens_for_user(
         self,
         user_id: str,
-        except_token_id: Optional[int] = None,
-        device_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        except_token_id: int | None = None,
+        device_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Invalidate access tokens belonging to a user
 
@@ -1700,9 +1696,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
 
         return await defer_to_thread(self.hs.get_reactor(), _do_hash)
 
-    async def validate_hash(
-        self, password: str, stored_hash: Union[bytes, str]
-    ) -> bool:
+    async def validate_hash(self, password: str, stored_hash: bytes | str) -> bool:
         """Validates that self.hash(password) == stored_hash.
 
         Args:
@@ -1799,9 +1793,9 @@ class AuthHandler:
         auth_provider_id: str,
         request: Request,
         client_redirect_url: str,
-        extra_attributes: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
+        extra_attributes: JsonDict | None = None,
         new_user: bool = False,
-        auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        auth_provider_session_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Having figured out a mxid for this user, complete the HTTP request
 
@@ -1960,7 +1954,7 @@ def load_single_legacy_password_auth_provider(
 
     # All methods that the module provides should be async, but this wasn't enforced
     # in the old module system, so we wrap them if needed
-    def async_wrapper(f: Optional[Callable]) -> Optional[Callable[..., Awaitable]]:
+    def async_wrapper(f: Callable | None) -> Callable[..., Awaitable] | None:
         # f might be None if the callback isn't implemented by the module. In this
         # case we don't want to register a callback at all so we return None.
         if f is None:
@@ -1973,7 +1967,7 @@ def load_single_legacy_password_auth_provider(
 
             async def wrapped_check_password(
                 username: str, login_type: str, login_dict: JsonDict
-            ) -> Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]:
+            ) -> tuple[str, Callable | None] | None:
                 # We've already made sure f is not None above, but mypy doesn't do well
                 # across function boundaries so we need to tell it f is definitely not
                 # None.
@@ -1992,12 +1986,12 @@ def load_single_legacy_password_auth_provider(
             return wrapped_check_password
 
         # We need to wrap check_auth as in the old form it could return
-        # just a str, but now it must return Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]
+        # just a str, but now it must return tuple[str, Callable | None] | None
         if f.__name__ == "check_auth":
 
             async def wrapped_check_auth(
                 username: str, login_type: str, login_dict: JsonDict
-            ) -> Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]:
+            ) -> tuple[str, Callable | None] | None:
                 # We've already made sure f is not None above, but mypy doesn't do well
                 # across function boundaries so we need to tell it f is definitely not
                 # None.
@@ -2013,12 +2007,12 @@ def load_single_legacy_password_auth_provider(
             return wrapped_check_auth
 
         # We need to wrap check_3pid_auth as in the old form it could return
-        # just a str, but now it must return Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]
+        # just a str, but now it must return tuple[str, Callable | None] | None
         if f.__name__ == "check_3pid_auth":
 
             async def wrapped_check_3pid_auth(
                 medium: str, address: str, password: str
-            ) -> Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]:
+            ) -> tuple[str, Callable | None] | None:
                 # We've already made sure f is not None above, but mypy doesn't do well
                 # across function boundaries so we need to tell it f is definitely not
                 # None.
@@ -2044,10 +2038,10 @@ def load_single_legacy_password_auth_provider(
 
     # If the module has these methods implemented, then we pull them out
     # and register them as hooks.
-    check_3pid_auth_hook: Optional[CHECK_3PID_AUTH_CALLBACK] = async_wrapper(
+    check_3pid_auth_hook: CHECK_3PID_AUTH_CALLBACK | None = async_wrapper(
         getattr(provider, "check_3pid_auth", None)
     )
-    on_logged_out_hook: Optional[ON_LOGGED_OUT_CALLBACK] = async_wrapper(
+    on_logged_out_hook: ON_LOGGED_OUT_CALLBACK | None = async_wrapper(
         getattr(provider, "on_logged_out", None)
     )
 
@@ -2085,24 +2079,20 @@ def load_single_legacy_password_auth_provider(
 
 CHECK_3PID_AUTH_CALLBACK = Callable[
     [str, str, str],
-    Awaitable[
-        Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]]]
-    ],
+    Awaitable[tuple[str, Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None] | None],
 ]
-ON_LOGGED_OUT_CALLBACK = Callable[[str, Optional[str], str], Awaitable]
+ON_LOGGED_OUT_CALLBACK = Callable[[str, str | None, str], Awaitable]
 CHECK_AUTH_CALLBACK = Callable[
     [str, str, JsonDict],
-    Awaitable[
-        Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]]]
-    ],
+    Awaitable[tuple[str, Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None] | None],
 ]
 GET_USERNAME_FOR_REGISTRATION_CALLBACK = Callable[
     [JsonDict, JsonDict],
-    Awaitable[Optional[str]],
+    Awaitable[str | None],
 ]
 GET_DISPLAYNAME_FOR_REGISTRATION_CALLBACK = Callable[
     [JsonDict, JsonDict],
-    Awaitable[Optional[str]],
+    Awaitable[str | None],
 ]
 IS_3PID_ALLOWED_CALLBACK = Callable[[str, str, bool], Awaitable[bool]]
 
@@ -2133,18 +2123,15 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
 
     def register_password_auth_provider_callbacks(
         self,
-        check_3pid_auth: Optional[CHECK_3PID_AUTH_CALLBACK] = None,
-        on_logged_out: Optional[ON_LOGGED_OUT_CALLBACK] = None,
-        is_3pid_allowed: Optional[IS_3PID_ALLOWED_CALLBACK] = None,
-        auth_checkers: Optional[
-            dict[tuple[str, tuple[str, ...]], CHECK_AUTH_CALLBACK]
-        ] = None,
-        get_username_for_registration: Optional[
-            GET_USERNAME_FOR_REGISTRATION_CALLBACK
-        ] = None,
-        get_displayname_for_registration: Optional[
-            GET_DISPLAYNAME_FOR_REGISTRATION_CALLBACK
-        ] = None,
+        check_3pid_auth: CHECK_3PID_AUTH_CALLBACK | None = None,
+        on_logged_out: ON_LOGGED_OUT_CALLBACK | None = None,
+        is_3pid_allowed: IS_3PID_ALLOWED_CALLBACK | None = None,
+        auth_checkers: dict[tuple[str, tuple[str, ...]], CHECK_AUTH_CALLBACK]
+        | None = None,
+        get_username_for_registration: GET_USERNAME_FOR_REGISTRATION_CALLBACK
+        | None = None,
+        get_displayname_for_registration: GET_DISPLAYNAME_FOR_REGISTRATION_CALLBACK
+        | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         # Register check_3pid_auth callback
         if check_3pid_auth is not None:
@@ -2214,7 +2201,7 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
 
     async def check_auth(
         self, username: str, login_type: str, login_dict: JsonDict
-    ) -> Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None] | None:
         """Check if the user has presented valid login credentials
 
         Args:
@@ -2245,14 +2232,14 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
                 continue
 
             if result is not None:
-                # Check that the callback returned a Tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]
+                # Check that the callback returned a tuple[str, Callable | None]
                 # "type: ignore[unreachable]" is used after some isinstance checks because mypy thinks
                 # result is always the right type, but as it is 3rd party code it might not be
 
                 if not isinstance(result, tuple) or len(result) != 2:
                     logger.warning(  # type: ignore[unreachable]
                         "Wrong type returned by module API callback %s: %s, expected"
-                        " Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]",
+                        " tuple[str, Callable | None] | None",
                         callback,
                         result,
                     )
@@ -2265,24 +2252,24 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
                 if not isinstance(str_result, str):
                     logger.warning(  # type: ignore[unreachable]
                         "Wrong type returned by module API callback %s: %s, expected"
-                        " Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]",
+                        " tuple[str, Callable | None] | None",
                         callback,
                         result,
                     )
                     continue
 
-                # the second should be Optional[Callable]
+                # the second should be Callable | None
                 if callback_result is not None:
                     if not callable(callback_result):
                         logger.warning(  # type: ignore[unreachable]
                             "Wrong type returned by module API callback %s: %s, expected"
-                            " Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]",
+                            " tuple[str, Callable | None] | None",
                             callback,
                             result,
                         )
                         continue
 
-                # The result is a (str, Optional[callback]) tuple so return the successful result
+                # The result is a (str, callback | None) tuple so return the successful result
                 return result
 
         # If this point has been reached then none of the callbacks successfully authenticated
@@ -2291,7 +2278,7 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
 
     async def check_3pid_auth(
         self, medium: str, address: str, password: str
-    ) -> Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]]]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, Callable[["LoginResponse"], Awaitable[None]] | None] | None:
         # This function is able to return a deferred that either
         # resolves None, meaning authentication failure, or upon
         # success, to a str (which is the user_id) or a tuple of
@@ -2308,14 +2295,14 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
                 continue
 
             if result is not None:
-                # Check that the callback returned a Tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]
+                # Check that the callback returned a tuple[str, Callable | None]
                 # "type: ignore[unreachable]" is used after some isinstance checks because mypy thinks
                 # result is always the right type, but as it is 3rd party code it might not be
 
                 if not isinstance(result, tuple) or len(result) != 2:
                     logger.warning(  # type: ignore[unreachable]
                         "Wrong type returned by module API callback %s: %s, expected"
-                        " Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]",
+                        " tuple[str, Callable | None] | None",
                         callback,
                         result,
                     )
@@ -2328,24 +2315,24 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
                 if not isinstance(str_result, str):
                     logger.warning(  # type: ignore[unreachable]
                         "Wrong type returned by module API callback %s: %s, expected"
-                        " Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]",
+                        " tuple[str, Callable | None] | None",
                         callback,
                         result,
                     )
                     continue
 
-                # the second should be Optional[Callable]
+                # the second should be Callable | None
                 if callback_result is not None:
                     if not callable(callback_result):
                         logger.warning(  # type: ignore[unreachable]
                             "Wrong type returned by module API callback %s: %s, expected"
-                            " Optional[tuple[str, Optional[Callable]]]",
+                            " tuple[str, Callable | None] | None",
                             callback,
                             result,
                         )
                         continue
 
-                # The result is a (str, Optional[callback]) tuple so return the successful result
+                # The result is a (str, callback | None) tuple so return the successful result
                 return result
 
         # If this point has been reached then none of the callbacks successfully authenticated
@@ -2353,7 +2340,7 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
         return None
 
     async def on_logged_out(
-        self, user_id: str, device_id: Optional[str], access_token: str
+        self, user_id: str, device_id: str | None, access_token: str
     ) -> None:
         # call all of the on_logged_out callbacks
         for callback in self.on_logged_out_callbacks:
@@ -2367,7 +2354,7 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
         self,
         uia_results: JsonDict,
         params: JsonDict,
-    ) -> Optional[str]:
+    ) -> str | None:
         """Defines the username to use when registering the user, using the credentials
         and parameters provided during the UIA flow.
 
@@ -2412,7 +2399,7 @@ class PasswordAuthProvider:
         self,
         uia_results: JsonDict,
         params: JsonDict,
-    ) -> Optional[str]:
+    ) -> str | None:
         """Defines the display name to use when registering the user, using the
         credentials and parameters provided during the UIA flow.