cloudflare-python/README.md

# Cloudflare Python API library

[![PyPI version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cloudflare.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/cloudflare/)

The Cloudflare Python library provides convenient access to the Cloudflare REST API from any Python 3.8+
application. The library includes type definitions for all request params and response fields,
and offers both synchronous and asynchronous clients powered by [httpx](https://github.com/encode/httpx).

## Documentation

The REST API documentation can be found on [developers.cloudflare.com](https://developers.cloudflare.com/api). The full API of this library can be found in [api.md](api.md).

## Installation

```sh
# install from PyPI
pip install cloudflare
```

## Usage

The full API of this library can be found in [api.md](api.md).

```python
import os
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

client = Cloudflare(
    api_token=os.environ.get("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN"),  # This is the default and can be omitted
)

zone = client.zones.create(
    account={"id": "023e105f4ecef8ad9ca31a8372d0c353"},
    name="example.com",
    type="full",
)
print(zone.id)
```

While you can provide a `api_email` keyword argument,
we recommend using [python-dotenv](https://pypi.org/project/python-dotenv/)
to add `CLOUDFLARE_EMAIL="user@example.com"` to your `.env` file
so that your API Email is not stored in source control.

## Async usage

Simply import `AsyncCloudflare` instead of `Cloudflare` and use `await` with each API call:

```python
import os
import asyncio
from cloudflare import AsyncCloudflare

client = AsyncCloudflare(
    api_token=os.environ.get("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN"),  # This is the default and can be omitted
)


async def main() -> None:
    zone = await client.zones.create(
        account={"id": "023e105f4ecef8ad9ca31a8372d0c353"},
        name="example.com",
        type="full",
    )
    print(zone.id)


asyncio.run(main())
```

Functionality between the synchronous and asynchronous clients is otherwise identical.

## Using types

Nested request parameters are [TypedDicts](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.TypedDict). Responses are [Pydantic models](https://docs.pydantic.dev) which also provide helper methods for things like:

- Serializing back into JSON, `model.to_json()`
- Converting to a dictionary, `model.to_dict()`

Typed requests and responses provide autocomplete and documentation within your editor. If you would like to see type errors in VS Code to help catch bugs earlier, set `python.analysis.typeCheckingMode` to `basic`.

## Pagination

List methods in the Cloudflare API are paginated.

This library provides auto-paginating iterators with each list response, so you do not have to request successive pages manually:

```python
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

client = Cloudflare()

all_accounts = []
# Automatically fetches more pages as needed.
for account in client.accounts.list():
    # Do something with account here
    all_accounts.append(account)
print(all_accounts)
```

Or, asynchronously:

```python
import asyncio
from cloudflare import AsyncCloudflare

client = AsyncCloudflare()


async def main() -> None:
    all_accounts = []
    # Iterate through items across all pages, issuing requests as needed.
    async for account in client.accounts.list():
        all_accounts.append(account)
    print(all_accounts)


asyncio.run(main())
```

Alternatively, you can use the `.has_next_page()`, `.next_page_info()`, or `.get_next_page()` methods for more granular control working with pages:

```python
first_page = await client.accounts.list()
if first_page.has_next_page():
    print(f"will fetch next page using these details: {first_page.next_page_info()}")
    next_page = await first_page.get_next_page()
    print(f"number of items we just fetched: {len(next_page.result)}")

# Remove `await` for non-async usage.
```

Or just work directly with the returned data:

```python
first_page = await client.accounts.list()
for account in first_page.result:
    print(account.id)

# Remove `await` for non-async usage.
```

## Nested params

Nested parameters are dictionaries, typed using `TypedDict`, for example:

```python
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

client = Cloudflare()

zone = client.zones.create(
    account={},
    name="example.com",
)
print(zone.account)
```

## File uploads

Request parameters that correspond to file uploads can be passed as `bytes`, or a [`PathLike`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.PathLike) instance or a tuple of `(filename, contents, media type)`.

```python
from pathlib import Path
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

client = Cloudflare()

client.api_gateway.user_schemas.create(
    zone_id="023e105f4ecef8ad9ca31a8372d0c353",
    file=Path("/path/to/file"),
    kind="openapi_v3",
)
```

The async client uses the exact same interface. If you pass a [`PathLike`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.PathLike) instance, the file contents will be read asynchronously automatically.

## Handling errors

When the library is unable to connect to the API (for example, due to network connection problems or a timeout), a subclass of `cloudflare.APIConnectionError` is raised.

When the API returns a non-success status code (that is, 4xx or 5xx
response), a subclass of `cloudflare.APIStatusError` is raised, containing `status_code` and `response` properties.

All errors inherit from `cloudflare.APIError`.

```python
import cloudflare
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

client = Cloudflare()

try:
    client.zones.get(
        zone_id="023e105f4ecef8ad9ca31a8372d0c353",
    )
except cloudflare.APIConnectionError as e:
    print("The server could not be reached")
    print(e.__cause__)  # an underlying Exception, likely raised within httpx.
except cloudflare.RateLimitError as e:
    print("A 429 status code was received; we should back off a bit.")
except cloudflare.APIStatusError as e:
    print("Another non-200-range status code was received")
    print(e.status_code)
    print(e.response)
```

Error codes are as follows:

| Status Code | Error Type                 |
| ----------- | -------------------------- |
| 400         | `BadRequestError`          |
| 401         | `AuthenticationError`      |
| 403         | `PermissionDeniedError`    |
| 404         | `NotFoundError`            |
| 422         | `UnprocessableEntityError` |
| 429         | `RateLimitError`           |
| >=500       | `InternalServerError`      |
| N/A         | `APIConnectionError`       |

### Retries

Certain errors are automatically retried 2 times by default, with a short exponential backoff.
Connection errors (for example, due to a network connectivity problem), 408 Request Timeout, 409 Conflict,
429 Rate Limit, and >=500 Internal errors are all retried by default.

You can use the `max_retries` option to configure or disable retry settings:

```python
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

# Configure the default for all requests:
client = Cloudflare(
    # default is 2
    max_retries=0,
)

# Or, configure per-request:
client.with_options(max_retries=5).zones.get(
    zone_id="023e105f4ecef8ad9ca31a8372d0c353",
)
```

### Timeouts

By default requests time out after 1 minute. You can configure this with a `timeout` option,
which accepts a float or an [`httpx.Timeout`](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#fine-tuning-the-configuration) object:

```python
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

# Configure the default for all requests:
client = Cloudflare(
    # 20 seconds (default is 1 minute)
    timeout=20.0,
)

# More granular control:
client = Cloudflare(
    timeout=httpx.Timeout(60.0, read=5.0, write=10.0, connect=2.0),
)

# Override per-request:
client.with_options(timeout=5.0).zones.edit(
    zone_id="023e105f4ecef8ad9ca31a8372d0c353",
)
```

On timeout, an `APITimeoutError` is thrown.

Note that requests that time out are [retried twice by default](#retries).

## Advanced

### Logging

We use the standard library [`logging`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html) module.

You can enable logging by setting the environment variable `CLOUDFLARE_LOG` to `info`.

```shell
$ export CLOUDFLARE_LOG=info
```

Or to `debug` for more verbose logging.

### How to tell whether `None` means `null` or missing

In an API response, a field may be explicitly `null`, or missing entirely; in either case, its value is `None` in this library. You can differentiate the two cases with `.model_fields_set`:

```py
if response.my_field is None:
  if 'my_field' not in response.model_fields_set:
    print('Got json like {}, without a "my_field" key present at all.')
  else:
    print('Got json like {"my_field": null}.')
```

### Accessing raw response data (e.g. headers)

The "raw" Response object can be accessed by prefixing `.with_raw_response.` to any HTTP method call, e.g.,

```py
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

client = Cloudflare()
response = client.zones.with_raw_response.create(
    account={
        "id": "023e105f4ecef8ad9ca31a8372d0c353"
    },
    name="example.com",
    type="full",
)
print(response.headers.get('X-My-Header'))

zone = response.parse()  # get the object that `zones.create()` would have returned
print(zone.id)
```

These methods return an [`APIResponse`](https://github.com/cloudflare/cloudflare-python/tree/main/src/cloudflare/_response.py) object.

The async client returns an [`AsyncAPIResponse`](https://github.com/cloudflare/cloudflare-python/tree/main/src/cloudflare/_response.py) with the same structure, the only difference being `await`able methods for reading the response content.

#### `.with_streaming_response`

The above interface eagerly reads the full response body when you make the request, which may not always be what you want.

To stream the response body, use `.with_streaming_response` instead, which requires a context manager and only reads the response body once you call `.read()`, `.text()`, `.json()`, `.iter_bytes()`, `.iter_text()`, `.iter_lines()` or `.parse()`. In the async client, these are async methods.

```python
with client.zones.with_streaming_response.create(
    account={"id": "023e105f4ecef8ad9ca31a8372d0c353"},
    name="example.com",
    type="full",
) as response:
    print(response.headers.get("X-My-Header"))

    for line in response.iter_lines():
        print(line)
```

The context manager is required so that the response will reliably be closed.

### Making custom/undocumented requests

This library is typed for convenient access to the documented API.

If you need to access undocumented endpoints, params, or response properties, the library can still be used.

#### Undocumented endpoints

To make requests to undocumented endpoints, you can make requests using `client.get`, `client.post`, and other
http verbs. Options on the client will be respected (such as retries) when making this request.

```py
import httpx

response = client.post(
    "/foo",
    cast_to=httpx.Response,
    body={"my_param": True},
)

print(response.headers.get("x-foo"))
```

#### Undocumented request params

If you want to explicitly send an extra param, you can do so with the `extra_query`, `extra_body`, and `extra_headers` request
options.

#### Undocumented response properties

To access undocumented response properties, you can access the extra fields like `response.unknown_prop`. You
can also get all the extra fields on the Pydantic model as a dict with
[`response.model_extra`](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/base_model/#pydantic.BaseModel.model_extra).

### Configuring the HTTP client

You can directly override the [httpx client](https://www.python-httpx.org/api/#client) to customize it for your use case, including:

- Support for [proxies](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/proxies/)
- Custom [transports](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/transports/)
- Additional [advanced](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/clients/) functionality

```python
import httpx
from cloudflare import Cloudflare, DefaultHttpxClient

client = Cloudflare(
    # Or use the `CLOUDFLARE_BASE_URL` env var
    base_url="http://my.test.server.example.com:8083",
    http_client=DefaultHttpxClient(
        proxy="http://my.test.proxy.example.com",
        transport=httpx.HTTPTransport(local_address="0.0.0.0"),
    ),
)
```

You can also customize the client on a per-request basis by using `with_options()`:

```python
client.with_options(http_client=DefaultHttpxClient(...))
```

### Managing HTTP resources

By default the library closes underlying HTTP connections whenever the client is [garbage collected](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__del__). You can manually close the client using the `.close()` method if desired, or with a context manager that closes when exiting.

```py
from cloudflare import Cloudflare

with Cloudflare() as client:
  # make requests here
  ...

# HTTP client is now closed
```

## Semantic versioning

This package generally follows [SemVer](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html) conventions, though certain backwards-incompatible changes may be released as minor versions:

1. Changes that only affect static types, without breaking runtime behavior.
1. Changes to library internals which are technically public but not intended or documented for external use. 
1. Changes that we do not expect to impact the vast majority of users in practice.

### Determining the installed version

If you've upgraded to the latest version but aren't seeing any new features you were expecting then your python environment is likely still using an older version.

You can determine the version that is being used at runtime with:

```py
import cloudflare
print(cloudflare.__version__)
```

## Requirements

Python 3.8 or higher.

## Contributing

See [the contributing documentation](./CONTRIBUTING.md).